1 Core Concepts: CDC Ethics Hypothesis Human subjects Prevalence rate Person, place, and time Surveillance Survey questions Lessons: 1-1 Introduction to Curriculum 1-2 Surveillance 1-3 Patterns and Hypotheses 1-4 Describing Health-Related Behaviors in Youth 1-5 Creating a Surveillance Question 1-6 Respect – Part I 1-7 Surveillance Studies – In Class 1-8 Surveillance Studies – In School Teacher Note: Module 1 Overview Content Area: Descriptive epidemiology, Surveillance, and Hypothesis-Generation Essential Questions: How is the health or disease outcome distributed in terms of person, place, and time? What are some possible explanations for this distribution? Enduring Understanding: Health and disease are not distributed haphazardly in a population. There are patterns to their occurrence that can be identified through surveillance. Analysis of the patterns of health and disease distribution can provide clues for formulating hypotheses about possible causes. New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance Revised Oct 22, 2011

2 Teacher Note: Enduring Epidemiological Understandings for the Epidemiology and the Energy Balance Equation Curriculum New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance 1.Health and disease are not distributed haphazardly in a population. There are patterns to their occurrence that can be identified through surveillance. Analysis of the patterns of health and disease distribution can provide clues for formulating hypotheses about their possible causes. 2.Causal hypotheses can be tested by conducting investigations of the exposures and outcomes of selected groups of people as they go about their lives. Information from these observational studies can be used to determine if an exposure and an outcome are associated. Because observational studies are complicated by factors not controlled by the observer, other explanations also must be considered.

3 Teacher Note: Authentic Assessment for Module 1 of the Epidemiology and the Energy Balance Equation Curriculum Students will conduct and interpret a descriptive epidemiological survey among students in their class and again among students outside their class. Working in teams, students will have the opportunity to demonstrate their abilities to request informed consent, ask questions about a health-related behavior, accurately record responses, calculate prevalence of the behavior, make accurate statements about the prevalence of the behavior among their classmates, look for patterns, and formulate hypotheses based on the patterns they observe. Deliverables will include either written reports or presentations about the surveys. Specific performance criteria will be used to help ensure that the experiences allow a genuine, realistic, and fair assessment of students’ comprehension of the Module 1 Enduring Epidemiological Understanding. New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

4 Start of Lesson 1-2 (estimate 1 class period) New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

5 Review New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance Big Ideas in Lesson 1-1 Epidemiology is the study of populations in order to determine the patterns and causes of health and illness, and to be able to apply the learned information to the control of health problems Working definition for this class Students will learn about the science of epidemiology, using examples from the epidemiology of the energy balance equation (dietary- and exercise-related health behaviors and effects) to understand the concepts and methods of this public health science Students will have authentic epidemiology experiences by “doing” epidemiology within their school setting

6 Disease Detectives and the Energy Balance Equation New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

7 Review: Definition of the Science of Epidemiology Epidemiology is the study of populations in order to determine the patterns and causes of health and illness, and to be able to apply the learned information to the control of health problems. New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

8 Population patterns in health & illness and related behaviors Patterns Module 1 DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY Studies of health-related exposures and outcomes Surveys of health-related behaviors What are the patterns of eating and physical activity behaviors among our classmates? Welcome to Module 1 New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

9 Module 1 Enduring Understanding New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance 1.Health and disease are not distributed haphazardly in a population. There are patterns to their occurrence that can be identified through surveillance. Analysis of the patterns of health and disease distribution can provide clues for formulating hypotheses about their possible causes. Kid-Friendly Translation: Who gets sick, and who does not, is not due to chance. There are interesting patterns to who gets sick and who does not. Surveillance studies examine these patterns. Sometimes the results of surveillance provide clues about why some people get sick and others do not.

10 The close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control Webster’s Third International Dictionary What is Surveillance? New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

11 The close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control Purpose? New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

12 The close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control Purpose? New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

13 The close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control Purpose? New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

14 The close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control Purpose? New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

15 The close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control Purpose?

16 The close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control Purpose?

17 What Surveillance Means in Epidemiology & Public Health = a tool for descriptive epidemiology, to obtain information about patterns in health-related events and behaviors Public Health Surveillance New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

18 Comparing Definitions of Surveillance The close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control Surveillance (Webster’s Third International Dictionary The planned and continuous collection of health-related data on populations -needs to be communicated to those with a need to know - the information may lead to actions to control or prevent a health problem Public Health Surveillance New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

19 Public Health Surveillance in the United States New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

20 On an average school day, how many hours do you watch TV? On an average school day, how many hours do you play video or computer games ? Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

21 The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that youth engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity on most or all days. Television (TV) viewing, computer usage, and video/DVD usage are all considered sedentary behavior. Regular physical activity among young people has many health advantages. Why Conduct Surveillance of Behaviors in Youth? YRBSS Rationale New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

22 1.Behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence 2.Tobacco use 3.Alcohol and other drug use 4.Sexual behaviors contributing to unintended pregnancy and STDs 5.Unhealthy dietary behaviors 6.Physical inactivity Death, Illness, and Social Problems Behaviors that Increase Risk New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

23 YRBSS data have a variety of uses at the national, state, and local levels Describe risk behaviors Create/increase awareness Set goals for programs Develop programs and policies Support health-related legislation Seek funding for research New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

24 US Surveillance Drug Use Surveys Risk Factors in Adults and Youth (BRFSS and YRBSS) Surveillance of Many Communicable Diseases (CDC and State and Local Health Departments) Birth Defects Registries State Cancer Registries World Trade Center Registry Birth Certificates Death Certificates (National Death Index) Hospital Billing Databases Global Surveillance Cancer in Five Continents (International Association for Cancer Registries) HIV/AIDS (World Health Organization - WHO) Global Foodborne Infections Network (WHO) Global school-based student health survey (WHO) Global Malaria Programme (WHO) Global Influenza Programme (WHO) New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance Examples of Scope of Surveillance

25 Big Ideas in Lesson 1-2 Surveillance is a tool used in descriptive epidemiology Re-Cap Surveillance is the systematic, ongoing collection, and analysis of data and the timely communication of the information to those who need to know so that action can be taken The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) is an important surveillance mechanism for monitoring patterns in US youth The rationale for the YRBSS is that there are several kinds of health behaviors that increase health risks to youth, and that these should be monitored New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance

26 Exploring the Internet for Surveillance Systems Easy Access to CDC A-Z list Choose topic (“Data and Statistics”) Click on “Surveys” New Lesson 1-2: Surveillance OPTIONAL additional class