Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems Objectives Describe how tissues, organs, and organ systems are related. List 12 organ systems. Identify how organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems Cells Form Tissues A group of similar cells working together forms a tissue. Your body has four main kinds of tissue. Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems Cells, Tissues, and Organs, continued Tissues Form Organs Two or more tissues working together to carry out a specialized function form an organ. Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism Homeostasis maintaining a stable internal environment Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems Working Together Organs Form Systems Organs that work together make up an organ system. Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Your body has 12 major organ systems. Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22

Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22

Section 2 The Skeletal System Objectives Identify the major organs of the skeletal system. Describe four functions of bones. Describe three types of joints. List three injuries and two diseases that affect bones and joints. Chapter 22

Section 2 The Skeletal System Bones Bones, cartilage, and the connective tissue that holds bones together make up your skeletal system. Bone Structure Bone tissue without any visible open spaces is called compact bone. Bone tissue that has many open spaces is called spongy bone. Bones contain a soft tissue called marrow. Bone Growth Most bones start out as a flexible tissue called cartilage. Eventually, most cartilage is replaced by bone. Chapter 22 ligaments

4 Functions of Skeletal System

cranium / skull clavicle ribs humerus vertebrae radius ulna metacarpals femur patella tibia coccyx metatarsals maxilla mandible scapula sternum pelvis carpals phalanges sacrum fibula tarsals phalanges

Types of Joints A place where two or more bones meet is called a joint. Joints are held together by ligaments.

Section 2 The Skeletal System Chapter 22 Skeletal System Injuries and Diseases Bones may be fractured or broken. Ligaments can be stretched or torn. Arthritis is a disease that causes the joints to swell or stiffen. Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become less dense.

Section 3 The Muscular System Muscles Muscles Attach to Bones Tendons are strands of tough connective tissue that connect your skeletal muscles to your bones. Muscles Work in Pairs Skeletal muscles often work in pairs. A muscles that bends part of your body is called a flexor. A muscle that straightens part of your body is an extensor. Chapter 22 Section 3 The Muscular System Chapter 22

Section 3 The Muscular System

Involuntary Voluntary I don’t have to think about it, I don’t control it Chapter 22 I control when it happens

3 Types of Muscle TypeIllustration Voluntary or Involuntary? Where is it found? Smooth Cardiac Skeletal

Section 3 The Muscular System The muscular system is made up of the muscles that let you move. Chapter 22 Involuntary muscle found in the digestive tract and the walls of the blood vessels is called smooth muscle.

Section 3 The Muscular System Involuntary muscle found in your heart is called cardiac muscle. Chapter 22

Section 3 The Muscular System Muscle attached to your skeleton for movement is called skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle can be voluntary or involuntary. Chapter 22

Section 3 The Muscular System Use It or Lose It Resistance Exercise During resistance exercise, people work against the resistance, or weight, of an object to strengthen their skeletal muscles. Aerobic Exercise (using oxygen) Steady, moderately intense activity is called aerobic exercise, and strengthens the heart and increases endurance. Chapter 22

Section 3 The Muscular System Muscle Injury A strain is an injury in which a muscle or tendon is overstretched or torn. People who exercise too much can hurt their tendons. Inflamed tendons is called tendonitis. Some people try to make their muscles stronger by taking drugs. These drugs are called anabolic steroids and can cause long-term health problems. Chapter 22

Human Body: Pushing the Limits - Strength

The Integumentary System skin, hair, and nails Functions of Skin skin protects you by keeping water in your body and foreign particles out of your body nerves in your skin let you feel things regulates your body temperature, helps get rid of waste chemicals

Layers of Skin Epidermis - outermost layer of skin Dermis - thicker layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis

Propionibacterium acnes

Hair and Nails A hair forms at the bottom of a tiny sac called a hair follicle. Hair helps protect skin from ultraviolet light and helps regulate body temperature in most mammals. A nail grows from living cells in the nail root at the base of the nail. Nails protect the tips of your fingers and toes.

Skin Injuries Skin is often damaged, but fortunately can repair itself. However, damage to the genetic material in skin cells can cause skin cancer.