Chapter 11 The Muslim World (622–1650) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. World History: Connection to Today

Islam Section 1 Background and Beliefs

Origins Founder- ___________in the 7 th century Holy Book- __________ sometimes spelled Qu’ran Islam means submission to the will of __________Allah is the Muslim name for_______ ________ are what the followers of Islam are called it means one who submits to Allah.

Mohammad’s life Background- Life in________ Idol worship and the Kaaba Muhammad’s Vision The Hijra-Flight from Mecca to Yatrib __________ Muhhamad’s triumphant return to Mecca and the founding of a new religion.

Beliefs __________-One God No __________ or human or animal depiction in art Strict moral code of conduct Islam is the one true faith All the world must one day be converted to Islam __________-Basic actions required by all Muslims

5 Pillars Faith-In one God Allah Prayer- 5 times a day Facing Mecca Mecca __________- welfare contributions to the poor Fasting- During the holy month of __________ Pilgrimage- Called the __________to the holy land of __________

1 st Pillar There is no God but Allah and His __________ (messenger) is Muhammad The language of _________is sacred to Muslims it is what the original Koran is written in and to Muslims the only true form of the Word of God

The second Pillar-Prayer Muslims must __________ five times a day and face the holy city of __________. They usually kneel on a rug and say several prayers of thanks and worship They also gather on Fridays in a __________to pray as a group and to hear messages of inspiration

The third pillar-Almsgiving Alms is money for the poor It is mandatory for Muslims to give __________of their income per year to the poor and sick. Most give much more than this Giving Alms is a gateway to __________ according to the Koran

Fourth Pillar-Fasting Muslims do not eat from sun up to sun down during the holy month of __________ ]Also smoking, drinking and sexual relationships are prohibited. During Ramadan, Muslims are also expected to refrain from indulging in violence, anger, envy, greed, lust and backbiting, and are meant to get along with each other better than normal. Because the Islamic __________calendar has no correction for the fact that the lunar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Ramadan __________ throughout the seasons. Eid-Al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan. Muslims come out and rejoice with a sense of accomplishment for coming closer to __________ It is a time for Muslim families and friends to worship and celebrate together

The Fifth Pillar-The Hajj The ________ is the Pilgrimage to Mecca Each Muslim is expected to visit __________ in Saudi Arabia at least once in their life time Ka’aba 

Other Islamic beliefs Strict dietary laws throughout the year including the eating of no pork products and the consumption of no alcohol ______and Christians are considered people of the book ______ or struggle against injustice Belief in heaven and hell

Other Islamic beliefs continued Men may have as many as four _______ at a time. Divorce is permitted but it is strongly discouraged. Thieves were to have their right hand chopped off. Anyone who speaks disrespectfully of Allah or the _______ are to be put to death and they go to hell instantly. Allah is a compassionate and loving God to those who believe in Him but to those who deny Him, He shows no mercy. _______ worshipers are to be attacked on sight but all wars should be defensive and retaliatory not instigated.

Islamic Law _______ : The law system inspired by the Koran the way that Muhammad (the Prophet of Islam) lived his life. Sharia is the totality of religious, political, social, _______ and private life The regulations of the Sharia can be divided into two groups: 1.regulations on _______ and ritual duties 2.regulations of juridical and political nature Sharia is primarily meant for all Muslims, but applies to a certain extent also for people living inside a Muslim society

Shiites and Sunnis Unrest over excesses of the Umayyad rulers leads to a split. The _______ opposed Umayyad rule and believed that only a descendant of Muhammad could be _______. Sunnis remained loyal to the Umayyad The main difference is that the Shi’a sect believes that the leader of the empire should be the spiritual leader as well. The Sunnis believed that they could be different people

Section 2 Islam Expands

An Age of Conquests 2

The Caliphs and the Spread of Islam Muhammad dies in 632 AD with no son or heir Abu Bakr becomes _______ which means successor Led a series of _______ or holy wars/struggles against neighboring empires There are 3 other caliphs to follow all of them use warfare to gain more territory and power there will be a split when the 4 th of these “_______ _______ _______ ” dies.

Umayyad Dynasty: Syrian governor rebels and becomes the new caliph and Islamic power shifts from Mecca in Arabia to _______ in Syria Under Umayyad rule Islam spreads to many new lands and new people and a true Islamic Empire is formed They did not force conversion but they gave special _______ breaks to those who did. Taxes paid for a luxurious lifestyle for the Umayyad rulers

Abbasid Dynasty: The Abbasid family descended from Muhammad so the Shiites helped them overthrow the Umayyad. Eastern Rule: Moved capital to Baghdad in Iraq. Revenue came through high taxes on unbelievers. As the Abbasids grew more wealthy they became disconnected from the people and law and order broke down. Eventually the weakened empire was overthrown by the Seljuk Turks and the Mongols. Western Rule: Fatimid Dynasty,10 th century broke away from Abbasids and gained control of North African and Spanish Lands. Ruled from Cairo in Egypt

The Umayyads and the Abbassids Set up dynasty that ruled until 750 Conquered lands from Atlantic to the Indus Valley Relied on local officials to govern the empire Faced economic tensions between wealthy and poor Arabs Overthrew the Umayyads in 750 Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a universal religion Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest wealth and power Muslim civilization enjoyed a golden age These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim civilization. UMAYYADS ABBASSIDS

Spread of Islam: Causes and Effects 2 Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to the Indus Valley Centers of learning flourish in Cairo, Córdoba, and elsewhere Muslim civilization emerges Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa through Muslim trade network Arabic becomes shared language of Muslims Split between Sunni and Shiites

Sought to communicate with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals. Believed that only descendents of Muhammad could become caliph. Believed descendents of Muhammad to be divinely inspired. Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad, should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious authority. SUFI SHIITES SUNNI Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam. Movements Within Islam 2

Decline of the Muslim Empire Around 850, the caliphs became unable to maintain centralized control, and the empire fragmented. In the 900s, _______ Turks invaded the Middle East and built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent. In the 1200s and 1300s, _______ invaders dominated the Middle East. Despite the decline of the empire, Islam continued to link diverse people across an enormous area. 2

Section 3 Muslim Society Muslim rulers united people from diverse cultures. As a result, Muslim civilization absorbed and blended many traditions. The class distinction between Arabs and non-Arabs faded over time. People enjoyed a certain degree of _______ _______,the ability to move up in social class. _______ was a common institution. 3

Islamic Society Women: Divided into classes 1 st class: Aristocrats 2 nd class: non Arab converts 3 rd class: Protected people of the Book 4 th class: _______

Islamic Economy Islamic Law encouraged trade Used trade to help spread faith and raise money for poor Invented the bill of exchange Created joint-stock company

Golden Age of Islam Navigation: Perfected both the Chinese Compass and the Greek Astrolabe Education: Muslim Scholars helped preserve many Hellenistic works Math: _______ creates al-jabr Medicine: _______ wrote medical encyclopedias, others performed surgery and gave injections for small pox and measles Literature: 1001 Arabian Nights, Sufi Poetry, Calligraphy

Government set up hospitals with emergency rooms. Muhammad al- Razi studied measles and smallpox. Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia. Surgeons developed treatment for cataracts. Al-Khwarizmi developed astronomical tables. Astronomers calculated circumference of the Earth. Scholars studied Indian and Greek mathematics. Al-Khwarizmi pioneered the study of algebra and wrote mathematics textbook that became standard in Europe. Scholars tried to harmonize Greek ideas of reason with religious teachings of Islam. Ibn Khaldun set standards for scientific study of history. MEDICINE ASTRONOMY MATHEMATICSPHILOSOPHY Muslim Advances in Learning 3

Section 4 Muslims in India What impact did the Delhi sultanate have on India? How did Muslim and Hindu traditions clash and blend? How did Akbar strengthen Mughal India? 4

The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire 4

Hinduism and Islam Clash and Blend 4

Akbar the Great Akbar accomplished the following: Implemented policy of religious _______ Employed paid officials, instead of _______ officeholders Modernized the _______ Encouraged international _______ Standardized weights and measures Introduced land reforms During his long reign, Akbar strengthened Mughal India. 4

Section 5 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires How did the Ottoman empire expand? What were the characteristics of Ottoman culture? How did Abbas the Great strengthen the Safavid empire? 5

“Gunpowder Empires” While the Mughals ruled India, the Ottomans and the Safavids dominated the Middle East and parts of Eastern Europe. All three owed much of their success to new military technology, such as cannons and muskets. As a result, the period from about 1450 to 1650 is sometimes called “the age of gunpowder empires.” 5

Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 1453–1629 5

The Ottoman Empire Under Suleiman Poets produced works in the Turkish language. Painters produced detailed miniatures and illuminated manuscripts. The royal architect _______ designed magnificent mosques and palaces. Society was divided into four classes, with “men of the pen” and “men of the sword” at the top. Non-Muslims were organized into ______, or religious communities. Suleiman had absolute power. Ottoman law was based on _______. The Ottomans recruited government and military officers from conquered people. ARTS SOCIETY GOVERNMENT 5

Abbas the Great centralized government created a powerful military force strengthened the economy tolerated non-Muslims and valued their economic contributions used a mixture of force and diplomacy against the Ottomans forged alliances with European states built a magnificent new capital at Isfahan supported the growth of Persian culture The most outstanding Safavid _______, or king, Abbas the Great revived the glory of ancient _______. During his reign, he: 5