Question of the Day Water is called a polar molecule because: a. H has a negative charge and O has a positive charge b. O has a negative charge and H has a positive charge c. it has a net charge of zero d. it freezes at 0 degrees C

EXIT PASS REVIEW Balancing Equations C6H12O6 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

Balanced Equation C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O The same kind and number of atoms must be equal on both sides of the equation.

DO NOW Sept 24 List as many facts about water as you can. Think Biology as you do this. We all know water is cool and refreshing and sold in bottles.

DO NOW ANSWERED We will learn all about the properties of water in Section 2-2.

Chapter 2 Section 2 - 2 Properties of Water

2-2: Properties of Water Liquid on the Earth’s surface has physical and chemical properties found in no other material covers 75% of Earth has an uneven distribution of electrons and is slightly charged on each end

The BLUE Planet Water is the single most abundant compound in most living things. Liquid at room temperature. Expands when it freezes. Floats in a solid state.

Unique Properties of Water 1. Water is a POLAR molecule. 2. Can attract each other. 3. Not always pure and can be found as part of a mixture. 4. Can react to form ions.

Water is a POLAR Molecule Water carries a slightly negative charge on the O atom and a slightly positive charge on the H atoms. Acts like a magnet. Polar covalent bond in water is due to uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Attraction of Opposite Charges Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance. Hydrogen bonding. Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances.

Water Often forms Mixtures Mixture - Composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined Sugar and sand Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases

Question of the Day Sept 25 When salt and pebbles are poured together into a bucket, which of the following is formed? A. compound B. mixture C. solution D. suspension Explain your reasoning for selecting your answer.

AGENDA Sept 25 Learning Objective: Compare the properties of an acid with a base. Interpret the pH Scale. 1. Question of the Day – Hand in Compounds LAB 2. Finish Section 2-2 3. Review Worksheet 4. Homework

Two Important Water Mixtures solution: a homogeneous mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another solvent: substance that does the dissolving solute: the substance that is dissolved suspension: mixture containing nondissolved particles distributed within a solid, liquid, or gas

Acids and Bases acids: compounds that have higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water. Form H+ ions in a solution Have a pH lower than 7 HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) is a strong acid bases: compounds that have lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water. Form OH- ions in solution Have a pH higher than 7 Bleach is a strong base Buffers: weak acids or bases that prevent sharp changes in pH levels to help maintain homeostasis.

The pH Scale pH scale: a measurement system that indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. neutralization reaction: reaction that occurs when H+ ions of a strong acid react with the OH- ions of a strong base form water and a salt.

Relative Concentrations of H+ Ions Concentrations of acids and bases are measured in powers of 10. Used to represent the relative strength of an acid or base compared to another one. A substance with a pH of 4 is 100 times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 6 100 times is equal to 102 How much more acidic is a solution with pH 3 compared with a solution having a pH of 8?

Name: Period: EXIT PASS Sept 25 What is the name of the process in which water molecules are attracted to one another? Explain why this attraction occurs. You may draw a diagram and label it.

EXIT PASS ANSWERED Water is a polar molecule. The O atom has a slightly negative charge and the H atom has a slightly positive charge. Water molecules attract each other through this difference in charge. Hydrogen bonding holds these molecules together.

Question of the Day A compound that produces H+ ions in solutions is called a A. Salt B. Base C. Polymer D. Acid

DO NOW Sept 27 How much more acidic is a solution having a pH 9 compared to a solution having a pH 12?

DO NOW Answered The answer is 1000 times. How do you determine the answer?

Using Indicators to Measure pH SUBSTANCE Color of BLUE Litmus Color of RED Litmus Color of pH Paper pH Value of Substance 1. Distilled Water 2. Glucose 3. Corn Oil 4. Bleach 5. Alka Selzter 6. Orange Juice 7. Isopropyl Alcohol 8. Vinegar 9. Hand Soap 10. Cranberry Juice

Question of the Day Sept 29 Which of the following is not an organic compound found in living things? A. Proteins B. Lipids C. Noble Gases D. Nucleic Acids

How does a gecko stick to the surface of a wall? Remember what a covalent bond is? Does an e- always remain in one place?

The Answer… Rapid movement of electrons can still create tiny positive or negative charges. Geckos can defy gravity. A gecko’s foot can come in contact with an extremely large surface of the wall at a molecular level. Thousands of hair-like projections Van der Waals Forces are slight attractions between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

AGENDA Sept 29 2. Hand in your 2-2 Review Packets Learning Objectives: Identify the structure of the four types of organic compounds. Describe the functions of each type of organic compounds. 1. Question of the Day 2. Hand in your 2-2 Review Packets 3. Begin 2-3 Organic Compounds 4. Section 2-3 Guided Reading Packet 5. Homework and Review pH LABS DUE TOMORROW

2-3 Chemistry of Carbon Organic Compounds Compounds containing C Forms covalent bonds that are strong and stable 4 single covalent bonds C can form chains of almost unlimited length C – C – C – C – C – C - C Single, double, or triple bonds can form rings

Inorganic Compounds What is an inorganic compound? one exception is CO2 living things contain many inorganic compounds What are some examples found in us?

Polymerization Building of macromolecules by the joining together of smaller compounds monomers: smaller units which join together to form  polymers: larger compounds which join together to form  macromolecules: giant molecules made of hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules.

Monomers and Polymers

Dehydration and Hydrolysis Opposite reactions that build up or breakdown molecules. Dehydration reaction is the combining of two smaller molecules to form one larger molecule resulting in the loss of water. Hydrolysis reaction is the breaking down of one larger molecule into two smaller molecules by the addition of water.

1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for living things. made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms C:H:O 1:2:1 Ratio simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides glucose galactose (milk) fructose (fruits)

Question of the Day Sept 30 Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are different in which of the following ways… A. They have different numbers of electrons. B. They have different numbers of protons. C. They have different atomic numbers. D. They have different atomic masses.

AGENDA Sept 30 2. Hand in your pH LABS Review 2-2 Water Packet Learning Objectives: Identify the structure of the four types of organic compounds. Describe the functions of each type of organic compounds. 1. Question of the Day 2. Hand in your pH LABS Review 2-2 Water Packet 3. 2-3 Organic Compounds 4. Homework and Review Complete 2-3 Guided Reading Packet

Functions of Carbohydrates 1. Main source of energy 2. Used for structural purposes in plants and some animals Cellulose in plants Strong and flexible Is cellulose a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide? WHY?

polysaccharide: a complex carbohydrate Glycogen (animal starch) stores excess sugar. Released into blood when sugar is low. Which organ is responsible for doing this?

2. Lipids PROPERTIES Not soluble in water Mostly made of C and H atoms Fats, oils, waxes FUNCTIONS 1. store energy 2. form membranes and waterproof coverings 3. chemical messengers (Steroids) Made of 2 or 3 fatty acids combining with a glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Which of these two types of fats is a healthy fat? WHY?

Olive oil saturated fat: contains all C – C single bond Meats and dairy products unsaturated fat: contains one C = C double bond Liquid at room temperature. Olive oil polyunsaturated fat: contains more than one C = C bond Cooking oils such as canola, soy, and peanut.

3. Nucleic Acids composed of CHNOP Monomers called Nucleotides have 3 basic parts 5-carbon sugar nitrogenous base Phosphate group

Nucleic Acids FUNCTION Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) deoxyribose sugar RNA (Ribonucleic acid) ribose Sugar

4. Proteins Contain C, N, O, and H 20 different monomers called amino acids peptide bond: a covalent bond that joins two amino acids What process is taking place in the diagram?

Proteins R-group is the side chain section of an amino acid that differs.

Functions of Proteins 1. Control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. 2. Form bones and muscles 3. Transport substances into/out of cells 4. Fight diseases Four levels of Organization 1. Chain of AA 2. AA in chain twisted and folded 3. Chain itself is twisted and folded 4. Chains have specific arrangements

DO NOW OCT 1 What type of molecule is glycogen? Explain why glycogen is important in the human body.

DO NOW ANSWERED Glycogen is a polysaccharide. It is an animal starch that stores excess energy. It is released by the liver when blood sugar is low to provide a constant supply of energy to the body for cellular activities.

“Bio-Style” Review http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7CfVoc4

EXIT PASS SEPT 30 Name: Period: 1. What is the process that creates large molecules by joining together smaller ones? 2. Draw and label a diagram to explain how a polymer is formed.

Monomers  Polymers  Macromolecules EXIT PASS ANSWER Polymerization is the process which builds larger compounds from smaller compounds. Monomers  Polymers  Macromolecules

QUESTION OF THE DAY OCT 2 Lipids are made up of A. Sugars and starches B. Fatty acids and glycerol C. Glycogen and Cellulose D. Glucose and Glycerol

DO NOW ANSWERED A peptide bond is a covalent bond that joins a pair of amino acids together. The Amino Group from the first amino acid and the Carboxyl Group from a second amino acid bond together through a DEHYDRATION Reaction. Water is lost during this reaction and a covalent bond is formed.

Question of the Day OCT 2 Which group of organic molecules is used to transport substances into and out of a cell? A. Lipids B. Nucleic Acids C. Proteins D. Carbohydrates

DO NOW OCT 2 Describe the four levels of organization of a protein.

DO NOW ANSWERED Example: Hemoglobin 1. A chain of Amino Acids. 2. Amino Acids in a chain twisted and folded. 3. An Amino Acid Chain itself is twisted and folded. 4. Different Amino Acid Chains have specific arrangements in a larger compound. Example: Hemoglobin

2-4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Any process in which a chemical change occurs or transforms one set of chemicals into another. Iron + Oxygen  RUST Occurs slowly Carbon Dioxide + Water  Carbonic Acid OCCURS QUICKLY Carbonic Acid  Carbon Dioxide + Water

2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes REACTANTS  PRODUCTS C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy Flow of energy determines if a reaction will occur Reactions that release energy occur spontaneously Reactions that require energy will not (MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY) EXAMPLE of a Spontaneous Reaction?

Energy in Reactions ACTIVATION ENERGY: energy need to start a reaction (start up energy) catalyst: a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction are not used up lower the “start-up” energy

ENZYMES enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts. speed up reactions by binding to reactants known as substrates active site One specific substrate will bind to one specific enzyme

ENZYME–SUBSTRATE COMPLEX FIGURE 2-21 of your textbook. Requires enough energy to break bonds of reactants. What will happen to the reactants if energy is not available to break these bonds?

Question of the Day OCT 3 All of the following are characteristics of a chemical reaction except a. reactions that need energy to continue are called endothermic. b. some reactions produce heat c. there is no way to change the rate at which they occur. d. the chemical properties of the reactants change.

DO NOW OCT 3 ENZYME GRAPHING PROBELEM SOLVING SKILLS Students on right side of class partner together. Students on left side of class partner together. We will answer one question at a time and discuss each question and answer.

AGENDA OCT 3 Learning Objective: Simulate the action of an enzyme to compare its effects on the rate of a chemical reaction. 1. Question of the Day 2. CHAPTER 2 TEST on WEDNEDAY OCT 8 STUDY GUIDES DUE DAY OF TEST 3. ENZYME GRAPHING SKILLS WORKSHEET 4. ENZYME SIMULATION LAB 5. REVIEW and HOMEWORK LAB PACKET DUE MONDAY OCT 6 BEGIN STUDY GUIDES

Question of the day Oct 6 Nucleotides are the building blocks of which organic compound? A. Nucleic Acids B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Lipids

AGENDA OCT 6 Learning Objective: Describe the role of compounds in the structure and function of living things. 1. CHAPTER 2 TEST on WEDNEDAY OCT 8 STUDY GUIDES DUE DAY OF TEST 2. Complete ENZYME LAB SIMULATION 3. Begin Review for Chapter 2 Test 4. REVIEW and HOMEWORW LAB PACKET DUE THURSDAY OCT 9

Regulation of ENZYME Activity Enzymes work most effectively at different levels of pH Temperature Provide an example of these conditions. These levels vary from enzyme to enzyme. WHY?

Regulation of Enzyme Activity Most enzymes work best at 37 degrees C In cells, proteins work as on/off switches. Regulate chemical pathways, make materials cells need/use, release energy, and transfer information.