1. Question of the Day Water is called a polar molecule because: a. H has a negative charge and O has a positive charge b. O has a negative charge and H has a positive charge c. it has a net charge of zero d. it freezes at 0 degrees C

2. DO NOW Sept 25 List as many facts about water as you can. Think Biology when you do this. We all know water is cool and refreshing and sold in bottles.

3. DO NOW ANSWERED We will learn all about the properties of water in Section 2-2.

4. AGENDA Sept 25 BIG QUESTION: Why is water so critical to life? 1. QOD 2. DO NOW 3. Properties of Water 4. Closing Thoughts and Homework

5. The Chemical Basis of Life

6. 2-2: Properties of Water Liquid on the Earth’s surface has physical and chemical properties found in no other material covers 75% of Earth has an uneven distribution of electrons and is slightly charged on each end

7. The BLUE Planet Water is the single most abundant compound in most living things. Liquid at room temperature. Expands when it freezes. Floats in a solid state.

8. Unique Properties of Water Water is a POLAR molecule. Can attract each other. Not always pure and can be found as part of a mixture. Can react to form ions.

9. Water is a POLAR Molecule Water carries a slightly negative charge on the O atom and a slightly positive charge on the H atoms. Acts like a magnet. Polarity in water is due to uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

10. Attraction of Opposite Charges Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance. Hydrogen bonding. Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances.

11. Question of the Day When sand and sugar are shaken together in a test tube, which of the following is formed? A. compound B. mixture C. solution D. suspension

12. DO NOWSept 26 Explain why water molecules can attract each other.

13. Water is a polar molecule. The O atom has a slightly negative charge and the H atom has a slightly positive charge. Water molecules attract each other through this difference in charge. Hydrogen bonding holds these molecules together. DO NOW ANSWERED

14. AGENDA Sept 26 BIG QUESTION: What are acidic and basic solutions? 1. QoD 2. DO NOW 3. Continue Section 2-2: Mixtures and pH 4. Classwork/Review of Key Concepts 5. Closing Thoughts and Homework QUIZ on MONDAY Sept 30 Sections 2-1 and 2-2

15. How does a gecko stick to the surface of a wall? Electrons in covalent bonds are equally shared. Rapid movement of electrons can still create tiny positive or negative charges.

16. The Answer… Geckos can defy gravity. Thousands of tiny hair- like projections are divided into many fibers. A gecko’s foot can come in contact with an extremely large surface of the wall at a molecular level. Van der Waals Forces are slight attractions between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

17. Water Often forms Mixtures a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined Sugar and sand Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases slight charges of a water molecule make them good at forming mixtures

18. Two Important Water Mixtures 1. solution: a homogeneous mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another solvent: substance that does the dissolving solute: the substance that is dissolved water is the greatest solvent because of its charges 2. suspension: mixture containing nondissolved particles distributed within a solid, liquid, or gas

19. Acids and Bases acids: compounds that have higher concentrations of H + ions than pure water. Form H+ ions in a solution Have a pH lower than 7 HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) is a strong acid bases: compounds that have lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water. Form OH- ions in solution Have a pH higher than 7 Bleach is a strong base Buffers: weak acids or bases that prevent sharp changes in pH levels to help maintain homeostasis.

20. The pH Scale pH scale: a measurement system that indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. neutralization reaction: reaction that occurs when H+ ions of a strong acid react with the OH- ions of a strong base form water and a salt.

21. Question of the Day A compound that produces H+ ions in solutions is called a A. Salt B. Base C. Polymer D. Acid

22. DO NOW Sept 27 How much more acidic is a solution having a pH 9 compared to a solution having a pH 12?

23. DO NOW Answered The answer is 1000 times. How do you determine the answer?

24. AGENDA Sept 27 BIG QUESTION: How can the pH values of different substances be measured? 1. QoD 2. DO NOW 3. H+ Concentrations. 4. pH Lab Investigation – Measuring pH in Common Substances 5. Review and Homework: pH Review Questions QUIZ on MONDAY SEPT 30 Sections 2-1 and 2-2

25. Relative Concentrations of H+ Ions Concentrations of acids and bases are measured in powers of 10. Used to represent the relative strength of an acid or base compared to another one. A substance with a pH of 4 is 100 times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 6 100 times is equal to 10 2 How much more acidic is a solution with pH 3 compared with a solution having a pH of 8?

26. Using Indicators to Measure pH SUBSTANCEColor of BLUE Litmus Color of RED Litmus Color of pH Paper pH Value of Substance 1. Distilled Water 2. Glucose 3. Corn Oil 4. Bleach 5. Alka Selzter 6. Orange Juice 7. Isopropyl Alcohol 8. Vinegar 9. Hand Soap 10. Cranberry Juice

27. AGENDASept 30 BIG QUESTION: What are the functions of organic molecules? 1. CHAPTER 2 Quiz – Sections 2-1 and 2-2 Begin reading Section 2-3 when finished with Quiz 2. Hand in your pH Labs 3. The Chemistry of Carbon and Macromolecules 4. Homework and Closing Thoughts

28. 2-3 Chemistry of Carbon Organic Compounds Compounds containing C Forms covalent bonds that are strong and stable 4 single covalent bonds carbon can form chains of almost unlimited length by bonding to other carbon atoms Single, double, or triple covalent can form rings

29. Inorganic Compounds do not contain carbon one exception is CO 2 living things contain many inorganic compounds water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salt are all inorganic compounds

30. Polymerization process in which large compounds are constructed by joining together smaller compounds monomers: smaller units which join together to form: polymers: larger compounds which join together to form: macromolecules: giant molecules made of hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules.

31. Four Groups of Organic Compounds in Living Things 1. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for living things. made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms C:H:O 1:2:1 Ratio simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides glucose, galactose (milk), and fructose (fruits) Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for all cell activities

32. Question of the Day Oct 1 Which of the following is not an organic compound found in living things? A. Proteins B. Lipids C. Carbon dioxide D. Nucleic Acids

33. DO NOWOct 1 CLOSE YOUR NOTEBOOKS. Explain how macromolecules are formed.

34. DO NOW ANSWERED Oct 1 Polymerization is the process which builds larger compounds from smaller compounds. Monomers  Polymers  Macromolecules

35. AGENDA Oct 1 Big Question: What are the functions of organic compounds? 1. QoD 2. DO NOW 3. Carbohydrates and Lipids 4. Review Chapter 2 Quiz 5. Homework and Closing Thoughts Remember to STUDY your notes everyday.

36. Also used for structural purposes in plants and some animals. Extra sugar stored as complex carbohydrates known as starches. polysaccharide: a large molecule that is formed by joining together many monosaccharide units Glycogen (animal starch) stores excess sugar. Released from liver into blood when sugar is low. Glycogen in muscles supplies energy for movement. Plants also store excess sugar in plant starch. Cellulose is used in plants as tough, flexible fibers for strength and rigidity. Major component of wood and paper.

37. Dehydration and Hydrolysis Opposite reactions that build up or breakdown molecules. Dehydration reaction is the combining of two smaller molecules to form one larger molecule resulting in the loss of water. Hydrolysis reaction is the breaking down of one larger molecule into two smaller molecules by the addition of water.

38. 2. Lipids Generally not soluble in water Made up mostly of C and H atoms Fats, oils, and waxes store energy, form membranes, and used as chemical messengers Steroids are chemical messengers in the body. Formed from 2 or 3 fatty acids combining with a glycerol

39. QUESTION OF THE DAY Lipids are made up of A. Sugars and starches B. Fatty acids and glycerol C. Glycogen and Cellulose D. Glucose and Glycerol

40. DO NOW Oct 2 What type of molecule is glycogen? Explain why glycogen is important in the human body.

41. DO NOW ANSWERED Glycogen is a polysaccharide. It is an animal starch that stores excess energy. It is released by the liver when blood sugar is low to provide a constant supply of energy to the body for cellular activities.

42. AGENDA Oct 2 Big Question: What are the functions of organic compounds? 1. QoD 2. DO NOW 3. Review Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions 4. Continue 2-3: Lipids and Nucleic Acids 5. Homework and Closing Thoughts STUDY YOUR NOTES EVERY DAY BIO PARTY!!! Hosted by ???

43. saturated fat: a fatty acid where every carbon atom is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond and contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms Meats and dairy products unsaturated fat: a fatty acid where a pair of carbon atoms are joined by a double bond. Liquid at room temperature. Olive oil polyunsaturated fat: a fatty acid that contains several double bonds Cooking oils such as canola, soy and peanut.

44. 3. Nucleic Acids composed of C, O, H, N, and P made up of monomers called nucleotides Nucleotides have 3 basic parts 5-carbon sugar nitrogenous base Phosphate group Joined together by covalent bonds

45. Question of the Day Which of the following is not a unique property of water? A. It is a liquid at room temperature. B. Molecules can attract each other. C. It can be part of a mixture. D. It can react to form ions.

46. DO NOW CHALLENGE ARE YOU READY? Close your Notebooks And today’s contestants are….

47. DO NOW CHALLENGE Jake, Jillian, and Adam N. Draw a diagram to represent a nucleotide. Label its three basic parts.

48. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. Two kinds: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Contains deoxyribose sugar RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Contains Ribose Sugar

49. 4. Proteins Contain C, N, O, and H made up of monomers called amino acids: contain an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other Covalent bonds form between identical sections. 20 different amino acids peptide bond: a covalent bond that joins two amino acids Amino group (-NHH) bonded to a Carboxyl group (-COOH)

50. Question of the Day Why is battery acid considered a strong acid? A. It forms H- ions in solution B. It forms OH- ions in solution C. It has a pH of approximately 13.8 D. It has a pH of approximately 1.5

51. DO NOW ANSWERED A peptide bond is a covalent bond that joins a pair of amino acids together. The Amino Group from the first amino acid and the Carboxyl Group from a second amino acid bond together through a DEHYDRATION Reaction. Water is lost during this reaction and a covalent bond is formed.

52. MONOMERS and PLOYMERS of LIPIDS MONOMER: MONOglyceride POLYMER: TRIglyceride Glycerides are name due to the C=O and the C-O Called an ESTER Bond

53. Proteins R-group is the side chain section of an amino acid that differs. Acidic or Basic Polar or Non-polar Can be C rings or straight chains Instructions stored in DNA

54. Functions of Proteins Control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Form bones and muscles Transport substances into/out of cells Fight diseases Four levels of Organization Chain of AA AA in chain twisted and folded Chain itself is twisted and folded Chains have specific arrangements

55. Question of the Day Which group of organic molecules is used to transport substances into and out of a cell? A. Lipids B. Nucleic Acids C. Proteins D. Carbohydrates

56. DO NOW CHALLENGE OCT 7 ANGELO, TYLER, and LUC Describe the four levels of organization of a protein. If you are not at the board, answer the question in your notebooks. Be prepared to evaluate the answers of your classmates.

57. DO NOW ANSWERED 1. A chain of Amino Acids. 2. Amino Acids in a chain twisted and folded. 3. An Amino Acid Chain itself is twisted and folded. 4. Different Amino Acid Chains have specific arrangements in a larger compound. Example: Hemoglobin

58. 2-4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Any process in which a chemical change occurs or transforms one set of chemicals into another. Any process in which a chemical change occurs or transforms one set of chemicals into another. can occur slowly or quickly can occur slowly or quickly Iron + Oxygen  RUST Iron + Oxygen  RUST Occurs slowly Occurs slowly Carbon Dioxide + Water  Carbonic Acid Carbon Dioxide + Water  Carbonic Acid REVERSIBLE REACTIONS that occur quickly REVERSIBLE REACTIONS that occur quickly Carbonic Acid  Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbonic Acid  Carbon Dioxide + Water

59. 2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes reactants: elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction reactants: elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction products: elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction products: elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy the flow of energy is important in determining whether a chemical reaction will occur the flow of energy is important in determining whether a chemical reaction will occur reactions which release energy will occur spontaneously reactions which release energy will occur spontaneously reactions that require energy will not occur spontaneously (MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY) reactions that require energy will not occur spontaneously (MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY)

60. Question of the Day All of the following are characteristics of a chemical reaction except a. reactions that need energy to continue are called endothermic. b. they sometimes can produce heat c. there is no way to change the rate at which they occur. d. the chemical properties of the reactants change.

61. Energy in Reactions ACTIVATION ENERGY: energy need to start a reaction (start up energy) Burning a piece of wood. catalyst: a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction are not used up work by lowering the “start- up” energy of a reaction

62. ENZYMES enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts. Lower activation energy speed up reactions by binding to reactants known as substrates substrates bind to enzymes at a region known as the active site are very specific One specific substrate will bind to one specific active site

63. ENZYME–SUBSTRATE COMPLEX FIGURE 2-21 of your textbook. Chemical reactions require enough energy to break the existing bonds of the reactants so new bonds will be formed. Insufficient amounts of energy will leave the reactants unchanged.

64. Question of the Day Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are different in which of the following ways… A. They have different numbers of electrons. B. They have different numbers of protons. C. They have different atomic numbers. D. They have different atomic masses.

65. Regulation of ENZYME Activity Enzymes can be affected by different factors. These same factors also affect chemical reactions. Enzymes work most effectively at different levels of pH and Temperature Provide an example of these conditions. Dependent upon their specific role in the body.

66. Regulation of Enzyme Activity Most enzymes work best at 37 degrees C Many cells have proteins that work as on/off switches. Enzymes regulate chemical pathways, make materials cells need/use, release energy, and transfer information.

67. Question of the day Nucleotides are the building blocks of which organic compound? A. Nucleic Acids B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Lipids

68. DO NOW CHALLENGE Oct 11 HANNAH, CRAIG, and KURT Compare a solution to a suspension. Provide an example of each one. Answer this question in your notebooks if you are not at the board.

69. ANSWER Solution: A mixture in which one substance is uniformly dissolved within another. Soft drinks such as soda Suspension: A mixture containing non-dissolved particles distributed within a solid, liquid, or gas. Flour and water

70. AGENDAOct 11 BIG Question: What are the functions of organic compounds? 1. QotD 2. DO NOW CHALLENGE 3. Continue Review of Chapter 2 Concepts Discuss Homework 4. Study Guide 5. Closing Thoughts STUDY YOUR NOTES EVERY NIGHT! BIO ARTICLES DUE MONDAY!!!