Perceiving and Representing Structured Information using Objects

Organization Image based theories Structural 3D theories Object perception: Object displays

Image Based vs Structure Theories Template theories based on 2D image processing In structural theories we extract the structure of a scene in terms of 3D primitives

Template theories A template with simple morphing operations

Objects as patterns of (2D) patterns

Scenes (gist in 100 msec) Torralba and Oliva Patterns of patterns

Properties of Image Recognition Remarkable image recognition memory Up to 5 images for second in object identification Applications in image searching interfaces RSVP Rapid serial visual presentation

Perception of object structure

Geon Theory (Irving Biederman) 3D Primitives “Geons” Structural skeleton Shape from shading is also primitive

How Does the Brain Find Geons?

Canonical Views To make things clear both component parts and the critical joints must be clear

Processing stages for recognition

The Geon Diagram (Irani) 3D shape primitives for architecture - entities and relationships Surface texture and color for attributes

Pattern finding & Recognition 13% errors: 4.3 sec sub-structure 26% errors 7.1 sec sub-structure 42% memory errors 22% memory errors

Semantics On top of - relies on Underneath – support, foundation Inside – containment (private code) Attachment points (external interfaces; part_of relationships) more than topology mid Upper Lower

Natural semantics InstancesDependency Strength of Relationship Multiplicity

The object file: Triesman and Kaheman

2 ½ D design Use 3D objects to represent entities Layout to make structure clear in 2D. -Connections, basic shapes Use canonical views

The Object Display (Wickens) Use complex objects to fuse variables Map entities to object parts Map structure to object structure Can be pictorial (simplified) – an engine + fuel tank Map attributes to object attributes - color, size, motion etc.

Object Display 100 L 45 L Solids: 23% 45 deg 0.2/1.0 Vol : 45 L Temp: 45 deg Flow: 20% Solids: 23%

Approx 1/3 errors with anesthesiologists Dr George Blike

A medical ventilator Such displays Must be custom

The concrete/abstraction tradeoff Object displays may lead to lower errors Lend themselves to overly literal interpretation. They are not general purpose. Object displays must be custom designed More abstract representations leave more room for interpretation (better support the creative process)

Chart Junk (ducks) Tufte or Effective Communication

A Duck? (Tufte)

Holding attention -Object scene conflict Used in advertising

Emotional and motivational effects

There is a great future in 3D object icons and object structures It is happening anyway, but nice to know that it is not always “chart junk”. Conclusion

Conclusions Visual space is non-homogenous The plane orthogonal to the line of sight and the forward direction are very different. A 2 1 / 2 D design attitude recognizes the cost of actions.