Energy & Ecosystems Ch 53 and 54 Study Guides are Due Friday Test Friday!

Biosphere - the part of the atmosphere that contains living things Ecosystem - all the organisms in an environment (community) plus the nonliving physical factors (temperature, soil.etc)

Biotic Components of an Ecosystem (living things) Abiotic components (nonliving things)

Can you list all the biotic and abiotic factors in this picture?

Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus Secondary and tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Key Chemical cycling Energy flow Continuous input from the sun is required to maintain energy flow in Earth’s ecosystems Conservation of Energy (autotrophs) (herbivores) (carnivores)

AUTOTROPHS (PRODUCERS) - synthesize food from sunlight or chemicals

HETEROTROPHS (CONSUMERS) - gain energy from feeding on other organisms

OMNIVORES

Figure 48.2c

Detritivores

Food Webs (& Food Chains) - illustrate flow of energy in a system Plants  Caterpillars  Sparrows  Hawks Trophic levels - the level of nourishment within a chain or a web, there should be fewer organisms as you go up each level

Figure 48.5a

Figure 48.5

ENERGY FLOW - energy flows through an ecosystem starting from the sun, then to the producers and consumers. At each level, some of the energy is lost as heat

Figure 48.3

Figure 48.4

Productivity The extent of photosynthetic production sets the spending limit for an ecosystem’s energy budget Gross primary production (GPP) = Total Photosynthetic Output Net primary production (NPP) = Gross - Respiration

What are some limitations of primary productivity?

limitations of primary productivity Light Nutrients (nitrogen or phosphorus) Oxygen (eutrophication) Water Temp

How many trophic levels are possible? Why? Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next, usually about 10% Explain why it is more economical for developing nations to eat veggies as opposed to meat

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS Pyramid of Numbers Indicate individual numbers of a population

Pyramid of Numbers Indicate individual numbers of a population

Figure 48.6 Pyramid of Biomass Indicate weight (dry mass) of a population

Figure 42.13a Movement over land by wind Precipitation over land Percolation through soil Evaporation from ocean Evapotranspiration from land Precipitation over ocean Runoff and groundwater The water cycle The Water Cycle The oceans contain 97% of the biosphere’s water; Water moves by evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and groundwater

Water Cycle

Figure 42.13b Consumers Decomposition Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Photo- synthesis Phyto- plankton CO 2 in atmosphere Burning of fossil fuels and wood The carbon cycle The Carbon Cycle Carbon-based organic molecules CO 2 is taken up by the process of photosynthesis and released into the atmosphere through cellular respiration Volcanic activity and the burning of fossil fuels also contribute CO 2 to the atmosphere

Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle  Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids  nitrogen is the atmosphere (N 2 ) must be converted to NH 4 + or NO 3 − for uptake by plants, via nitrogen fixation by bacteria Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH 4 + by ammonification, and NH 4 + is decomposed to NO 3 − by nitrification Denitrification converts NO 3 − back to N 2

Figure 42.13d Wind-blown dust Geologic uplift Weathering of rocks Decomposition PlanktonDissolved Uptake Leaching Decomposition Consumption Runoff PO 4 3− Plant uptake of PO 4 3− Sedimentation The phosphorus cycle The Phosphorus Cycle  major constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP  The largest reservoirs are sedimentary rocks of marine origin, the soil, oceans, and organisms  Phosphate binds with soil particles, and movement is often localized

Phosphorous Cycle

Human Effects on the Environment Habitat Destruction Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Frogs are BIOINDICATORS The health of a frog population mirrors the health and pollution levels of the environment

Eutrophication Eutrophication Video

Air Pollution

Biological Magnification

Greenhouse Effect

Other Issues ACID RAIN - largely a result of pollution which caused water to become slightly acidic emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)react with atmospheric water and oxygen

Loss of Diversity There are a lot of different names for this one: - endangered species - habitat destruction - extinction The U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 attempted to identify and protect species that were on the verge of extinction Recovery plans were enacted for many species and have seen success in some cases (Gray Wolf, Bald Eagle) - all managed by the E.P.A

Environmental Protection Agency Federal laws designed to protect the environment and manage wildlife resources 1. Endangered Species Act 2. Clean Air Act 3. Animal Welfare Act The E.P.A. has often gone against other groups in the country, such as corporate industry, ranching, logging, and farming. The current issues with climate change has the E.P.A. poised to limit carbon emissions. Good or bad idea?

Department of Natural Resources Each state manages its own natural resources, such as river systems, state parks, endangered wildlife. State systems also tend to work closely with education to support sustainable use of natural resources. These departments are usually responsible for providing permits for fishing, hunting Check out for info on the services they offerhttp://resources.ca.gov/

C.I.T.E.S. Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species is an international organization that attempts to control the illegal export and import of endangered species. It is illegal to import animals (or parts) of animals that have been identified by CITES. This includes - ivory, feathers, rhino horns, or other parts that are sold on the black market - living specimens, baby orangutans, tigers...etc Check out bagheera.com for information on world efforts to slow the extinction of speciesbagheera.com