Unit 14: Explore animal nutrition and digestion in relation to livestock and poultry management Determine nutritional requirements for livestock and poultry breeds found in North Carolina Compare animal digestive systems of beef, swine, and poultry

The major classes of feed nutrients Water Proteins Carbohydrates Minerals Vitamins Fats

Water Regulates body temperature, dissolves, and transports nutrients

Carbohydrates Main energy nutrient in animal rations Makes up about 75% of most animal rations Consist of sugar, starch, and cellulose Corn and other cereal grains are the major source of carbohydrates

Cereal Grains Provide the main source of carbohydrates in feeding swine Examples include corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats

Minerals Are responsible for the development of teeth, bones, and vital organs Minerals are supplied by mineral supplements

Ground limestone Is a source of calcium and is important in the development of eggshells for laying chickens

Protein Is needed for the development of wool, hair, hoofs, claws, beaks, feathers, and muscles in animals

Fats Are a source of energy and is 2.25 times the energy of carbohydrates Only small amounts of fats are required

Vitamins Are needed by animals in small amounts to perform specific functions A deficiency in vitamins can lead to disease or death Vitamins help prevent livestock diseases

Nutrient Is a substance that is necessary for an organism to live and grow

Ration Is the total amount of feed an animal has in a 24- hour period

Balanced Ration Is a ration that contains all the nutrients that the animal needs in the correct proportions

Vitamin A A deficiency of vitamin A in feed rations for livestock animals can causes night blindness

Vitamin C Comes from green pastures and hay

Classes of feeds Concentrates Roughages

Concentrates Are low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients (TDN)

Roughages Are high in fiber and low in total digestible nutrients (TDN)

Sources of Concentrates Cereal Grains: a major source of most concentrates Oils Molasses Meat byproducts

Examples of Fats Vegetable oil, cottonseed, fishmeal, soybeans, peanuts

Sources Roughage Include hay, grass, silage and alfalfa

Dry roughage Are pasture grasses that are cut and baled as hay to feed cattle, horses, or goats

Green roughage includes the pasture grasses and small grains that cattle, horses, sheep or goats graze on

Silage Is a roughage that results from storage and fermentation of green crops

Feed Additives Promote faster gains in livestock animals and poultry Added to feed to improve feed efficiency

Twitch Is a tool used to restrain horses

Parasite An animal that lives and feeds on other animals

Mite Is an external parasite that can cause the manges on livestock animals

Internal parasites Are organisms that live inside of their host Examples of internal parasites: fluke, stomach worm and protozoa

Good Ventilation The main thing to consider in providing housing for animals

Vaccinations Are administered to animals to prevent diseases

Subcutaneous injections Are made under the skin to administered drugs to animals

Docking Is the removal of tails from baby pigs

Polygastric or Ruminant digestive system Has a large stomach divided into 4 compartments This digestive system use food materials high in fiber type roughage (hay, grass)

Ruminants Animals Sheep, Cattle, Goats, and deer

Stomach Is a muscular organ that stores ingested food and moves it into the small intestines

Cattle Have 4 compartments in their stomachs

Abomasum Is the true stomach in the ruminant digestive system

Monogastric Digestive system Has a simple stomach Pigs, chickens, dogs, horses and humans have a simple or monogastric stomach

Pigs or swine Have the same type of digestive system as do humans Their rations must be high in concentrates (corn)

Poultry Rations Must be high in food value since chickens have no true stomach and can only store small amounts of food in their digestive system

Gizzard Is part of the digestive system in chickens where the feed is crushed and mixed with digestive juices

Chickens Have no teeth and they swallow their food whole, store it in their crop, then pass the food on to the gizzard where it is ground up

Proventriculus Is the stomach of a chicken

Animal Health