Sponsored by IEEE Singapore SMC, R&A, and Control Chapters Organized and invited by Professor Sam Ge, NUS Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Machinery, Human Biofunctions, and BCW Agents F.L. Lewis, Assoc. Director for Research Moncrief-O’Donnell Endowed Chair Head, Controls, Sensors, MEMS Group Automation & Robotics Research Institute (ARRI) The University of Texas at Arlington

Wireless Sensor Networks F.L. Lewis, Assoc. Director for Research Moncrief-O’Donnell Endowed Chair Head, Controls, Sensors, MEMS Group Automation & Robotics Research Institute (ARRI) The University of Texas at Arlington Wireless Sensor Networks http://ARRI.uta.edu/acs

Wireless MEMS Sensor Networks Mems@uta.edu http://mems.uta.edu New Initiative at ARRI $180K in ARO/ UTA/ Texas funding to set up ARRI MEMS lab $240K in MEMS & Network related Grants from NSF and ARO Machinery monitoring & Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM / PHM / RUL) Remote site biochemical warfare (BCW) toxin monitoring Personnel monitoring and secure area denial Optical MEMS human biosensors C&C User Interface for wireless networks- Contact Frank Lewis Lewis@uta.edu http://arri.uta.edu/acs

Wireless Sensor Networks Vehicle Monitoring Animal Monitoring Medical Monitoring Machine Monitoring Wireless Data Collection Networks Wireless Sensor Wireless Sensor BSC (Base Station Controller, Preprocessing) Ship Monitoring BST Management Center (Database large storage, analysis) Data Acquisition Network Data Distribution Network Roving Human monitor transmitter Online monitoring Printer Server Wireland (Ethernet WLAN, Optical) Wireless (Wi-Fi 802.11 2.4GHz BlueTooth Cellular Network, - CDMA, GSM) PDA Any where, any time to access Cellular Phone Notebook PC

Network of Networks Paul Baran, Rand Corp.

Principal Problems in Army Communications Paul Baran, Rand Corp.

Wireless CBM Research Areas Sensor Technology MEMS ? Node Technology DSP Power RF link Remote Access Terminals Wireless PDA, Wireless Laptop Cellphone, Internet Data management Sensor data storage Data Access Fault & Diagnostic Decision-Making Alarming COTS Wireless Sensors Berkeley Crossbow Microstrain Wireless Networks Cellular network WLAN Other short range RF networks Multiple linked networks

Which Technology? Cellular Technologies 2G Systems 2.5G Systems Wireless LAN Technology 2.4 GHz Wireless LAN  5 GHz Wireless LAN Ad-hoc Mode Infrastructure Mode Other Short-range Technologies Home RF  Bluetooth IrDA  IEEE 802.11 Long Range Technologies Cordless Telephony (cellphone) Internet IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks

Berkeley Crossbow Sensor Berkeley Crossbow Sensor Which Hardware? Berkeley Crossbow Sensor Berkeley Crossbow Sensor Crossbow transceiver Crossbow transceiver Crossbow Berkeley Motes

Microstrain Wireless Sensors G-Sensor Microstrain G-Sensor Microstrain V-Link Transceiver Microstrain Transceiver Connect to PC Microstrain Transceiver Connect to PC Microstrain V-Link Transceiver http://www.microstrain.com/index.cfm RFID node

http://www.pctechguide.com/29network.htm Network Topology FDDI- Fibre Distributed Data Interface specifies a 100 Mbit/s token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fibre-optic cable. Self Healing Net – Dual Ring

Self-healing Ring Topology Network Topology Bus Network with Backbone Interconnections Between Different Network Types Star Network Topology Token Ring Network Topology Self-healing Ring Topology Two rings http://www.fiber-optics.info/articles/its-networks.htm

Moshe Zalcberg and Benny Matityaho, Tel Aviv University http://www2.rad.com/networks/1994/networks/preface.htm Ethernet LAN FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface 100 Mbps

Paul Baran, Rand Corp. The Spider Web Net

Network Topology Paul Baran, Rand Corp. Neighbor Connectivity and Redundancy Centralized, Decentralized, Distributed

Connectivity and Number of Links Paul Baran, Rand Corp. Number of links increases exponentially

Mesh Networks Basic 4-link ring element Two ways to interconnect two rings New Topology Alternating 1-way streets Standard Manhattan Edge Binding- J.W. Smith, Rand Corp. In any network, much of the routing power of peripheral stations is wasted simply because peripheral links are unused. Thus, messages tend to reflect off the boundary into the interior or to move parallel to the periphery. Two 2-D mesh networks

The Problem of Complexity Communication Protocols in a network must be restricted and organized to avoid Complexity problems Think of the military chain of command e.g. in Manufacturing The general job shop allows part flows between all machines The Flow Line allows part flows only along specific Paths We have shown that the job shop is NP-complete but the reentrant flow line is of polynomial complexity

Hierarchical Networks Disable some links Dual-Ring Hierarchical Structure for level 2 Designation of Primary Communication Ring 4 x 4 Mesh Net Hierarchical Clustering Same structure-- Consistent Hierarchy Hierarchical Clustering of 8x8 mesh showing all four communication rings Hierarchical Clustering of 8x8 mesh showing level 3 primary communication ring

Disable some links to reduce complexity The disabled links can be used as backups in case of failures Note- this dual ring structure Is a self-healing ring

http://www.pctechguide.com/29network.htm Ethernet Ethernet was developed in the mid 1970's by the Xerox Corporation, and in 1979 Digital Equipment Corporation DEC) and Intel joined forces with Xerox to standardise the system. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) released the official Ethernet standard in 1983 called the IEEE 802.3 after the name of the working group responsible for its development, and in 1985 version 2 (IEEE 802.3a) was released. This second version is commonly known as "Thin Ethernet" or 10Base2, in this case the maximum length is 185m even though the "2" suggest that it should be 200m. Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet was officially adopted in the summer of 1995, two years after a group of leading network companies had formed the Fast Ethernet Alliance to develop the standard. Operating at ten times the speed of regular 10Base-T Ethernet, Fast Ethernet - also known as 100BaseT - retains the same CSMA/CD protocol and Category 5 cabling support as its predecessor higher bandwidth and introduces new features such as full-duplex operation and auto-negotiation.

http://www.pctechguide.com/29network.htm Token Ring In 1984, IBM introduced the 4 Mbit/s Token Ring network. Instead of the normal plug and socket arrangement of male and female gendered connectors, the IBM data connector (IDC) was a sort of hermaphrodite, designed to mate with itself. Although the IBM Cabling System is to this day regarded as a very high quality and robust data communication media, its large size and cost - coupled with the fact that with only 4 cores it was less versatile than 8-core UTP - saw Token Ring continue fall behind Ethernet in the popularity stakes. It remains IBM's primary LAN technology however and the compatible and almost identical IEEE 802.5 specification continues to shadow IBM's Token Ring development. FDDI Developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards committee in the mid-1980s - at a time when high-speed engineering workstations were beginning to tax the bandwidth of existing LANs based on Ethernet and Token Ring - the Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100 Mbit/s token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fibre-optic cable.

http://www.pctechguide.com/29network.htm Gigabit Ethernet The next step in Ethernet's evolution was driven by the Gigabit Ethernet Alliance, formed in 1996. The ratification of associated Gigabit Ethernet standards was completed in the summer of 1999, specifying a physical layer that uses a mixture of proven technologies from the original Ethernet Specification and the ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel Specification: Use of the same variable-length (64- to 1514-byte packets) IEEE 802.3 frame format found in Ethernet and Fast Ethernet is key to the ease with which existing lower-speed Ethernet devices can be connected to Gigabit Ethernet devices, using LAN switches or routers to adapt one physical line speed to the other.

Client-Server Client-server networking architectures became popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s as many applications were migrated from centralised minicomputers and mainframes to networks of personal computers. The design of applications for a distributed computing environment required that they effectively be divided into two parts: client (front end) and server (back end). The network architecture on which they were implemented mirrored this client-server model, with a user's PC (the client) typically acting as the requesting machine and a more powerful server machine - to which it was connected via either a LAN or a WAN - acting as the supplying machine.

Peer-to-peer In a Peer-to-peer networking architecture each computer (workstation) has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. There is no server, and computers simply connect with each other in a workgroup to share files, printers, and Internet access. It is practical for workgroups of a dozen or less computers, making it common in many SOHO environments, where each PC acts as an independent workstation that stores data on its own hard drive but which can share it with all other PCs on the network. P2P computing By early 2000 a revolution was underway in an entirely new form of peer-to-peer computing. Sparked by the phenomenal success of a number of highly publicised applications, "P2P computing" - as it is commonly referred to - heralded a new computing model for the Internet age and had achieved considerable traction with mainstream computer users and members of the PC industry in a very short space of time. The Napster MP3 music file sharing application went live in September 1999, and attracted more than 20 million users by mid-2000

IEEE 802.11 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ratified the original 802.11 specification in 1997 as the standard for WLANs. That version of 802.11 provided for 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s data rates and a set of fundamental signalling methods and other services. The data rates supported by the original 802.11 standard were too slow to support most general business requirements with and did little to encourage the adoption of WLANs. Recognising the critical need to support higher data-transmission rates, the autumn of 1999 saw the IEEE ratify the 802.11b standard (also known as 802.11 High Rate) for transmissions of up to 11 Mbit/s.

OSI- Open Systems Interconnection http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/osi-example.html OSI- Open Systems Interconnection The OSI reference model specifies standards for describing "Open Systems Interconnection" with the term 'open' chosen to emphasise the fact that by using these international standards, a system may be defined which is open to all other systems obeying the same standards throughout the world. The definition of a common technical language has been a major catalyst to the standardisation of communications protocols and the functions of a protocol layer.

http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/User/O.F.Rana/data-comms/comms-lec1.pdf

IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks http://ieee1451.nist.gov/intro.htm IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks Problem Transducers, defined here as sensors or actuators, serve a wide variety of industry's needs- manufacturing, industrial control, automotive, aerospace, building, and biomedicine are but a few. Many sensor control networks or fieldbus implementations are currently available. A problem for transducer manufacturers is the large number of networks on the market today. Currently, it is too costly for transducer manufacturers to make unique smart transducers for each network on the market. Therefore a universally accepted transducer interface standard, the IEEE P1451 standard, is proposed to be developed to address these issues. Objective of IEEE 1451 The objective of this project is to develop a smart transducer interface standard IEEE 1451. This standard is to make it easier for transducer manufacturers to develop smart devices and to interface those devices to networks, systems, and instruments by incorporating existing and emerging sensor- and networking technologies.

http://ieee1451.nist.gov/intro.htm History of IEEE-1451 In September 1993, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)'s Technical Committee on Sensor Technology of the Instrumentation and Measurement Society co-sponsored a meeting to discuss smart sensor communication interfaces and the possibility of creating a standard interface. The response was to establish a common communication interface for smart transducers. Four technical working groups have been formed to address different aspects of the interface standard. P1451.1 working group aims at defining a common object model for smart transducers along with interface specifications for the components of the model. P1451.2 working group aims at defining a smart transducer interface module (STIM), a transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS), and a digital interface to access the data. P1451.3 working group aims at defining a digital communication interface for distributed multidrop systems. P1451.4 working group aims at defining a mixed-mode communication protocol for smart transducers. The working groups created the concept of smart sensors to control networks interoperability and to ease the connectivity of sensors and actuators into a device or field network.

Hardware interface Network Independent

IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks Conway & Heffernan, Univ. Limerick http://wwww.ul.ie/~pei IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks

Node Relative Positioning & Localization Ad hoc network- scattered nodes Nodes must self organize Calibrated network- Each node knows its relative position TDMA frame for both communication protocols and relative positioning

Integrating new nodes into relative positioning grid One can write the relative location in frame O of the new point 3 in two ways. The triangle shown in the figure is a closed kinematic chain of the sort studied in [Liu and Lewis 1993, 1994]. The solution is obtained by requiring that the two maps T13 and T123 be exact at point 3. Kinematics transformation Recursive closed-kinematic chain procedure for integrating new nodes

Ultra Wideband Sensor Web UWB Ultra Wideband Sensor Web where w(t) is the basic pulse of duration approx. 1ns, often a wavelet or a Gaussian monocycle, and Tf is the frame or pulse repetition time. In a multi-node environment, catastrophic collisions are avoided by using a pseudorandom sequence cj to shift pulses within the frame to different compartments, and the compartment size is Tc sec. Data is transmitted using digital pulse position modulation (PPM), where if the data bit is 0 the pulse is not shifted, and if the data bit is 1 the pulse is shifted by d. The same data bit is transmitted Ns times, allowing for very reliable communications with low probability of error. Precise time of flight measurement is possible. Use UWB for all three: Communications Node Relative positioning Target localization

Multi-Static Radar Target Localization Uses time of flight Intersection of two ellipses with semimajor and semiminor axes Simultaneous solution of two quadratic equations, one for each ellipse gives position of target.