1 Chapter Overview Network Operating Systems Network Clients Directory Services

2 Windows Operating Systems MS-DOS–Based KernelWindows NT–Based Kernel Microsoft Windows for Workgroups Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows Me Microsoft Windows NT Microsoft Windows 2000 Microsoft Windows XP Professional Microsoft Windows.NET Server

3 Microsoft Windows NT First released in 1993 Provides preemptive multitasking Integrates networking into the operating system

4 Windows NT/Windows 2000 Versions Windows NTWindows 2000 Workstation Server Professional Server Advanced Server Datacenter Server

5 FAT File System The file allocation table (FAT) is compatible with MS-DOS–based operating systems. The original version (FAT16) supports drives up to 2 GB only. FAT32 supports drives of virtually any size.

6 NT File System (NTFS) Supports larger files and drives than FAT does Provides increased security Supported by Windows NT and Windows 2000 Not supported by MS-DOS–based operating systems

7 Windows NT/Windows 2000 Mandatory Networking Services Server Workstation Computer Browser Messenger Alerter Netlogon

8 Windows NT/Windows 2000 Optional Networking Services Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Domain Name System (DNS) Server Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Distributed file system (Dfs) Microsoft Cluster Server

9 Novell NetWare First commercially successful network operating system Former market leader Pure client/server operating system

10 NetWare Versions 3.2: final bindery version 6.0: latest Novell Directory Services (NDS) version

11 Comparison of Operating System Design Objectives Novell NetWare was originally designed to provide file and print services. UNIX was designed to provide application services. Microsoft Windows was designed to provide both application services and file and print services.

12 NetWare File System Uses name space modules to support native client file systems Provides individual file and folder security

13 NetWare Protocols Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) Proprietary Supported by all NetWare versions Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Limited support in NetWare 4.x Native support added to version 5.0 and later versions

14 UNIX Variants UNIX System V Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX Sun Solaris Linux Hardware-specific UNIX variants

15 UNIX Characteristics Peer-to-peer operating system Character-based interface Uses TCP/IP Designed primarily as an application server Runs on various processors Based on the open source software concept

16 Original Macintosh Networking Built-in network interface adapter Proprietary AppleTalk protocols AppleShare file and print services

17 Current Macintosh Networking Uses EtherTalk and TokenTalk Uses TCP/IP Usually used on all-Macintosh networks

18 Network Clients and Client Types A client is a software component that enables a computer to access server resources. The client types are Client applications Client modules

19 Client Applications Separate programs that communicate with a server in the network Examples: Web browsers File Transfer Protocol (FTP) clients clients Newsreaders

20 Client Modules Integrated into an operating system Provide other applications with access to server resources

21 Windows Networking Stack

22 Redirectors A redirector is an operating system component that forwards resource requests generated by an application to a network server. Windows can run multiple client redirectors simultaneously. Multiple redirectors can use different protocols.

23 Using Multiple Redirectors

24 Gateway Service for NetWare (GSNW) Included with Windows 2000 and Windows NT Server Provides basic NetWare connectivity Must be used with NWLink Functions as a gateway that enables computers running Windows without NetWare clients to access NetWare resources

25 Novell Clients for Windows Included with Novell NetWare Offers the following versions: Novell Client for DOS/Windows Novell Client for Windows 95/Windows 98/Windows Me Novell Client for Windows NT/Windows 2000

26 Novell Clients for Windows (Cont.) Use Novell’s IPX, not NWLink Can use Open Data-link Interface (ODI) or Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) network adapter drivers Can run NetWare Administrator

27 Macintosh Connectivity Tools Microsoft Services for Macintosh Novell Client for MacOS Novell Native File Access for Macintosh

28 UNIX Client Capabilities Includes TCP/IP client programs Requires additional products for client file system access

29 Directory Service Types Flat file Hierarchical

30 NetWare Bindery Used by NetWare version 3.2 and earlier Database of user and group accounts for a single NetWare server

31 Novell Directory Services Introduced in NetWare 4.0 Originally called NetWare Directory Services Consists of objects arranged in a hierarchical structure

32 NDS Hierarchy

33 NDS Objects and Object Types Objects are logical entities composed of units of data called properties. There are two types of objects: Container objects. Organizational objects that can hold other containers or leaves Leaf objects. Objects that represent network resources

34 Windows NT Domains Flat file directory database Not server specific Stored on domain controllers

35 Windows NT Domain Controllers Primary Domain Controller (PDC). Contains master copy of directory database Backup Domain Controller (BDC). Contains replicas of the master directory database

36 Single Master Replication

37 Active Directory Hierarchy Introduced in Windows 2000 Server Hierarchical directory service based on Windows NT domains Expands the domain concept into the enterprise Domains can be grouped into trees. Trees can be grouped into forests.

38 Multiple Master Replication

39 Chapter Summary The Windows NT, Windows 2000, and UNIX operating systems include both server and client functionality. Novell NetWare is strictly a client/server network operating system. Windows NT and Windows 2000 were designed to provide application services and file and print services. A client is a software component that enables a computer to access server resources. Client types include client applications and client modules. A directory service is a centralized database of user accounts and other information that administrators use to control access to shared network resources. Active Directory replicates changes to the data on any domain controller to all of the other domain controllers on the network.