MODIS Land Data Processing – Current Situation and Progress APEIS Capacity Building Workshop on Integrated Environmental Monitoring of the Asia-Pacific Region Beijing, China September 20, 2002 Mr. Robert Wolfe NASA GSFC Code 922, Raytheon ITSS

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe2 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Launched December 1999 on NASA EOS Terra Polar Orbiting Satellite Whisk-broom scanner, 100° Field of View Orbit: Attitude 705 km, Inclination 98.2°, mean-period 98.9 min., 16-day repeat cycle, 10:30 am equatorial crossing time Senses entire equator every two days, daily full coverage above 30° latitude 36 spectral bands: km, m and m nadir spatial resolution Second MODIS on Aqua Satellite –1:30 PM equatorial crossing time

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe3 Terra Launch: Dec. 18, 1999 First Image: Feb. 24, 2000 Aqua Launch: May 04, 2002 First Image: June 26, 2002

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe4 July 25, 2002 – Lower Baja Peninsula MODIS Terra (1750) MODIS Aqua (2100)

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe5 MODIS Land Bands

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe6 Science Team Formed 11 years ago 3 Disciplines: Land, Oceans, Atmosphere Responsibilities: –Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document –Algorithms in Software: PGEs (Product Generation Executables) –QA and Validation Support Groups –Science Data Support Team (SDST) Includes: Discipline Support Groups (Coordination) –MODIS Calibration Support Team (MCST) Includes: MODIS Flight Operations

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe7 MODIS Land Science Team Products Goals : –operationally produce terrestrial remotely sensed products that may be used by expert and non-expert community –establish a 10 year record that has continuity with precursor systems, e.g., AVHRR, and the future NPP and NPOESS VIIRS missions The MODIS products were developed primarily to serve the global change research community (MODIS has global, near daily coverage) and have many other potential applications The MODIS Science Team was completively selected to develop peer-reviewed product generation algorithms (24 Principal Investigators, lead: Vince Salomonson)

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe8 MODIS True color East Coast Zoom March

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe9 MODIS Production and Distribution

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe10 MODIS Land Products* / ESE Research Themes Energy Balance Product Suite –Surface Reflectance –Land Surface Temperature –BRDF/Albedo –Snow Cover Vegetation Parameters Suite –Vegetation Indices –LAI/FPAR –NPP/PSN Land Cover/Land Use Suite –Land Cover/Vegetation Dynamics –Vegetation Continuous Fields –Vegetation Cover Change –Fire and Burned Area Global Water Cycle and Energy Balance *Dependencies between products Biology and Biogeochemistry of Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle Land Cover and Land Use Change Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosols

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe11 Product Characteristics HDF-EOS Format Average file size is about 70 MB

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe12 Level 1 Process Flow

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe13 Calibration Summary Terra MODIS Terra MODIS has been stable for over 22 months The multiple OBCs have proven to be valuable for on-orbit characterization Changes in system level response are well understood and have been incorporated into the L1B software One subsystem (power supply) has failed and a second (formatter) is marginal (was just replaced) There are no indications of additional problems Current Geolocation is very accurate (~50 m) Aqua MODIS Aqua MODIS’ ground tests indicate performance better than Terra MODIS Initial on-orbit data indicates only minor changes from the pre-launch test results Barnes/MCST

MODIS identifies cloud classes Hi cloud Mid cloud Low cloud Snow Clear Menzel/ MODIS Atmosp.

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe15 MODIS Land Process Flow

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe16 Surface Reflectance/Atmospheric Correction Products Reflectance corrected for gaseous and aerosol scattering and absorption, surface adjacency effects caused by variations in land cover and atmospheric/surface coupling effect Building block for generation of a number of land products: VI, BRDF/Albedo and LAI/FPAR

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe17 Southern Africa surface reflectance - not corrected for aerosols MODLAND/Vermote

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe18 Southern Africa corrected for aerosol MODLAND/Vermote

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe19 8-Day Surface Reflectance Composite (detail) At-launch algorithm (till Nov. 2000) Revised algorithm (Min Blue & shadow filter & min view angle) MODLAND/Vermote

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe20 MODIS BRDF/Albedo Product Provides global measures of albedo, BRDF adjusted surface reflectance and surface anisotropy Inputs –Gridded Surface Reflectance Outputs –16 days at a 1km gridded spatial resolution. –Albedos Bihemispherical (white-sky) Directional hemispherical (black-sky) albedos local solar noon 7 Spectral and 3 Broadband Albedos –Nadir BRDF-adjusted Reflectances (NBAR) 7 Spectral bands at mean overpass solar zenith angle –BRDF kernel weights in 7 spectral bands

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe Global Broadband White-Sky Albedo ( µm) April 7– km resolution, Hammer-Aitoff projection, produced by MODIS BRDF/Albedo Team no data MODLAND/Strahler et al. No data

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe22 Global Composite Map of Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) April 7– km resolution, Hammer-Aitoff projection, produced by MODIS BRDF/Albedo Team no data MODLAND/Strahler et al. True color, MODIS Bands 2, 4, 3 No data

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe23 Key parameter of the global energy balance, reflecting much of the incident solar radiation back to space Snow and Ice Cover Eight-Day Composite Global Climate Modeling Grid Snow Map (5.6-km resolution, 1/20°) December , 2000

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe24 Nov 1-7, 2000Nov 8-15, 2000 Change in maximum snow extent between two composite periods seen above (1.8 million sq. km) 9.0 million sq. km of snow cover 10.8 million sq. km of snow cover Snow on both Snow on Nov 1-7 only Snow on Nov 8-15 only Clouds MODLAND/Hall et al.

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe25 Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Emissivity Split-window and statistical regression techniques are used Good indicator of both the energy balance at the Earth’s surface and the greenhouse effect Useful for a wide variety of climate, hydrological, ecological, and biogeochemical studies Eight-Day Composite day-time 1km LST (k) Sept , 2000

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe26 Daytime LST as the red component, and Nighttime LST as the green and blue components (after histogram- equalization enhancement). Pixels with daytime LST values but without nighttime LST values are in red.. 8-day LST Day-Night Comparison LST Night LST Day Color Composite

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe27 Vegetation Indices Used for global monitoring of vegetation conditions –Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and an improved Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) –EVI uses self-correcting atmospheric and soil calibration factors –Play an important role in the derivation of the land cover and land cover change, FPAR, LAI, and thermal products

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe28 NDVI vs. EVI NDVI EVI

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe29 LAI and FPAR Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) –LAI defines an important structural property of a plant canopy which is the one-sided leaf area per unit ground area –FPAR measures the proportion of available radiation in the photosynthetically active wavelengths (400 to 700 nm) that a canopy absorbs LAI March

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe30 MODIS LAI MODIS FPAR MODLAND/Myneni et al.

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe31 MODIS Global 1-km Land Cover Inputs Primary: View-angle corrected (nadir) surface reflectance (NBAR), 7 land bands Ancillary: Spatial Texture from 250-m; enhanced vegetation index; snow cover; land surface temperature; directional information Outputs IGBP 17 classes, UMd 14-classes; BGC 6 Biomes Classification Confidences Approach Supervised approach, Artificial neural networks, Decision trees, GAM Statistical Boosting Global Test Sites for Training and Testing System for Terrestrial Ecosystem Parameterization ( 920 sites ) – site labeling test sites for training MODLAND/Strahler et al Beta Product Release date – April 27, 2001; Provisional Product June 1, 2001

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe32 Vegetative Cover Conversion and Continuous Fields Vegetative Cover Conversion Detects and labels changes in land cover Uses the 250m Surface Reflectance products Vegetation Continuous Fields Percent cover for basic land cover types Post-launch product Vegetation Continuous Fields

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe33 IGBP Land Cover Units (17) Based on Life-Form, Height, and Cover Fraction  Natural Vegetation (11) Evergreen Needleleaf Forests Evergreen Broadleaf Forests Deciduous Needleleaf Forests Deciduous Broadleaf Forests Mixed Forests Closed Shrublands Open Shrublands Woody Savannas Savannas Grasslands Permanent Wetlands  Developed and Mosaic Lands (3) Urban and Built-Up Lands Croplands Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaics  Nonvegetated Lands (3) Snow and Ice Barren Water Bodies

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe34 Provisional Land Cover Product June 01

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe35 Fire and Thermal Anomalies Fire is an important ecosystem process and source of trace gas emissions. Identifies the location, timing and energy of fires Near-real time alerts of volcano and fire activity (experimental product) Burned area estimation and for use with global models (post-launch product) MODIS Fires, NW Australia, Oct 2, 2000

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe36 MODIS burned area compositeNFDR Fuel modelEF and CF from Ward and Hardy (1991) x x Idaho/Montana September 5, 2000 % Area burned in this scene relative to the total in the U.S. in 2000 MODIS Fire Emissions

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe37 Leftburned area algorithm results -> burning over days (500m) Right temporal composite of MODIS day and night active fires detected over same period (1km) Key purple - beginning of the time series (day 249) red - end of time series (day 290) white - insufficient data in the time series to make a burning decision MODIS Burned Area Product Evaluation MODLAND/Roy

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe38 MODIS Production and Distribution MODIS production commenced Feb Collection 1: Beta –L1: 2/00 to 5/01 –L2+ 2/00 to 3/01 Collection 3: “Provisional” –L1: 2/00 to 9/02 (from 11/00 onward validated) –L2+: 11/00 to 9/02 Collection 4: “Validated” –Ocean from 6/02 to 10/02 at 6 to 8X –Starting 11/02 for L1 and L2+ Land and Atmosphere at 3 to 4X –Reprocessing – 2/00 to 10/02 –Extend time series back in time (preliminary): A) 11/01 to 10/02; B) 11/00 to 10/01; C) 2/00 to 10/00

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe39 Software Development Process

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe40 Science Code Delivery Alpha/Beta (2-3 years before launch) –simulated data (MAS data) –data system test, sizing –interface testing Version 1 (1 year before launch) Version 2 (at launch) –Beta product quality Version 3 (first reprocessing) –Provisional product quality etc. (validated)

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe41 Processing Driven by Production Rules Required and optional inputs –Upstream products, ancillary data –How long to wait Processing Period –5 min., 1, 8, 16, 32 or 96 days, calendar months, calendar years) Start of period (reset at beginning of year, 2-3 day overlap at end of year) On-line and near-line retention time

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe42 MODAPS Design Loader –Determines when products can be generated (generates individual tasks) Scheduler –Schedules all tasks –Allocates system resources, monitors task –Stage inputs, output product disposition Archiver –Moves data from disk to tape and back Importer/Exporter –Ingests L1 and Ancillary Data from DAAC –Distributes L2+ data to DAACs and users GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) –X-windows (Operator) and Web based (Operators and other users)

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe43 MODAPS Hardware 80 Processors – 10 ECS Gflops –6.3 Gflops available in ops. (excluding overhead) –Compare to 4.2 Gflops load in ‘96 baseline –Most processes’ load lower than baseline 44 TB disk – 800 MB/s aggregate access 100 TB tape – 60 MB/s aggregate access –Theoretical rate: 5.1 TB/day –Actual for 8/16-day retrieves: 0.5 to 0.75 TB/day –Space for about 100 days of data

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe44 MODAPS Hardware

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe45 Design Issues Number of files vs. product size Disk vs. Tape Production rule complexity System reliability Interfaces (leaky pipes) Product Format –Map projection, Tiling – for global products –Usability – heritage vs. improvements –HDF-EOS, Metadata Network Long term archive

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe46 MODLAND Grids Fine resolution grids for the L2G, 3 and 4 products are based on two map projections: –Integerized Sinusoidal (ISIN) => Sinusoidal (SIN) Grid –Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area (LAEA) (polar grids) –Almost all of the fine resolution products will be made in the ISIN/SIN Exception: Sea-ice products are made in the in the LAEA projection with the grid centered at the north and south poles (EASI Grid implementation) –Grid cell size varies by product and is either (approx.) 0.25 km, 0.5 km or 1 km – actual size depends on the projection –Each grid is broken into non-overlapping tiles which cover approx. 10 x 10 deg. area Coarse resolution global Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) products are made in a geographic projection with grid cell sizes of 0.25 or 0.5 deg.

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe47 ISIN/SIN Grid

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe48 MODIS Land Validation Uses a hierarchical measurement concept –focused on EOS Land Validation Core Sites –combining satellite and airborne data with ground based in-situ measurements –augmented by established field sites and measurement networks, e.g., LTERS, FLUXNET, AERONET Interacting with other Terra, NASA Earth Science Enterprise, and international instrument teams (GLI, ATSR, MERIS) Participates in community intensive field campaigns (LBA – South America, SAFARI 2000 – southern Africa) Collaborating with the data providers to make validation data openly available

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe49 Multiple Observations – Simple Case Multiple observations covering a single grid cell: about 50% of overlap distributed into two observations, and 25% of overlap distributed over four observations. Distribution of coverage for each of the observation with the largest intersection with a cell. The observations and grid cell are the same size and have the same orientation.

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe50 L2G Stack

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe51 MODIS Land QA Objectives –identify suspect and poor quality products, including propagation of errors originating from upstream products and ancillary data –provide feedback to appropriate entities so that problems can be rectified –flag product quality (via metadata stored at the DAACs) QA approach –lead by the LDOPE (Land Data Operational Product Evaluation) facility –activities: Product specific QA tools LDOPE QA product metadata database Global browse images

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe52 Global Browse

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe53 MODLAND Subgroup MODIS Science Team Meeting, Jan

Sept. 20, 2002 – APEIS Workshop – R. Wolfe54 MODIS Snow Cover MODIS Snow over Asia