Millennium Assessment (MA) 2003 Typology of Ecosystem Goods and Services Regulating Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes climate regulation disease regulation flood regulation Provisioning Goods produced or provided by ecosystems food fresh water fuel wood genetic resources Cultural Non-material benefits from ecosystems spiritual recreational aesthetic inspirational educational Supporting Services necessary for production of other ecosystem services Soil formation Waste Treatment and Nutrient cycling Primary production Adapted from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well Being (2003)

Ecological/Spatial Scale Types of Services Ease of Calculation Accrual of Benefits Probable Importance Population/ Individual Wetland Species habitat Food and fiber harvesting Ecosystem/Landsca pe Flood mitigation Storm abatement Aquifer recharge Water quality improvement Aesthetics Species dispersal Biosphere/Global Nitrogen cycle Sulfur cycle Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle

Structure biomass, soils, flora and fauna communities Processes photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, colonization, succession Goods food & fiber products, water supply Services flood control, groundwater recharge, waste assimilation Direct Use productivity loss, hedonics, travel cost, replacement cost, contingent valuation Indirect Use production functions, hedonics, replacement cost, contingent valuation Nonuse Stated preference techniques: e.g. contingent valuation Ecology of wetlands Societal benefits of wetlands Economic valuation of wetlands Provisioning food fresh water fuel wood genetic resources Regulating climate regulation disease regulation flood regulation Cultural spiritual recreational aesthetic educational Classification of ecosystem (goods and) services

Structure biomass, soils, flora and fauna communities Processes photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, colonization, succession Goods food & fiber products, water supply Services flood control, groundwater recharge, waste assimilation Non-monetary Evaluation Landscape and socio- economic indicators Indirect Use production functions, hedonics, replacement cost, contingent valuation Nonuse Stated preference techniques: e.g. contingent valuation Ecology of wetlands Societal benefits of wetlands Methods for valuing wetland services Provisioning food fresh water fuel wood genetic resources Regulating climate regulation disease regulation flood regulation Cultural spiritual recreational aesthetic educational Classification of ecosystem (goods and) services Direct Use productivity loss, hedonics, travel cost, replacement cost, contingent valuation Supporting Soil formation

Structure biomass, soils, flora and fauna communities Processes photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, colonization, succession Goods food & fiber products, water supply Services flood control, groundwater recharge, waste assimilation Non-monetary Evaluation Landscape and socio- economic indicators Indirect Use production functions, hedonics, replacement cost, contingent valuation Nonuse Stated preference techniques: e.g. contingent valuation Ecology of wetlands Societal benefits of wetlands Methods for valuing wetland services Provisioning food fresh water fuel wood genetic resources Regulating climate regulation disease regulation flood regulation Cultural spiritual recreational aesthetic educational Classification of ecosystem (goods and) services Direct Use productivity loss, hedonics, travel cost, replacement cost, contingent valuation Supporting Soil formation Ecological Indicators bio-physical equivalence

Structure biomass, soils, flora and fauna communities Processes photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, colonization Goods food & fiber products, water supply Services flood control, water purification Non-monetary Evaluation Revealed Preferences Stated Preferences Ecology of wetlands Societal benefits of wetlands Methods for valuing wetland services Markets bio-physical equivalence Functional Indicators Prioritization of wetlands socio-economic equivalence Ecosystem Service Indicators Crediting and trading of wetlands

Structure soils, flora and fauna communities Processes nutrient cycling, plant colonization Goods food & fiber products, water supply Services flood control, water purification Non-monetary Evaluation Revealed Preferences Stated Preferences Ecology of wetlands Societal benefits of wetlands Methods for valuing wetland services Markets bio-physical equivalence Functional Indicators Prioritization of wetlands socio-economic equivalence Ecosystem Service Indicators Crediting & Trading for wetland mitigation

ES Science and Theory Applied Science (Valuation or Prioritization) Management Monitoring Policy & Regulations Accounting/Cre diting Implementation

ES/ B ES B B B 12 34

Wetland area remains the same but functional capacity and wetland quality is reduced with increasing human population and stressors. Human population and stressors levels remain the same but wetland area is lost due to conversion to other land uses. Low High Total Value Time Population Marginal Value Threshold Low High Total Value Time Area of Wetlands Wetland Area Marginal Value Threshold

Ecological/ Spatial Scale Ecosystem Service Examples Ease of Measurement Accrual of Benefits Probable Importance Perception of Value of Benefits Population/ Individual Wetland Species habitat Food & fiber harvesting Ecosystem/ Landscape Flood mitigation Aquifer recharge Aesthetics Biosphere/ Global Nitrogen, sulfur, carbon cycling Difficult Easy Land owner/ Local economy Local economies The world Good Life-sustainingPoor

Position in LandscapeTypes of Benefits In-stream wetland Fisheries, organic export Riparian wetland Sediment retention, wildlife corridor, flood control Isolated basin Groundwater recharge, waterfowl habitat Coastal wetland Fisheries, waterfowl habitat, storm surge protection

EcologyEconomics OrganizationOperationOutcome StockFlowsServices StructureFunctionsGoods InfrastructureServicesBenefits PatternProcessesIncome

The economic valuation of ecosystem services represent the tradeoffs that individuals make between alternative conditions of these services.  Cost-Benefit Analyses  “Greening” National Income Accounts  Natural Resource Damage Assessments Valuation Methods:  Direct Use: Goods traded in the market  Non-Direct Use: Hedonic Pricing, Travel Cost, Replacement Cost  Non-Use: Contingent Valuation Advantages:

Steps in the EcoValue Project Literature review and collection Processing the literature into the database MS Access Database Integrating the literature database with spatial data in a GIS Delivery of the values for ecosystem services via the internet

Relationship Between Land Cover and Ecosystem Services

Current Issues and Future Directions Marginal utility Spatio-temporal context Spatio-temporal scale Quality of original studies Aggregation of economic values Limited availability of Land Cover change-detection data

Supply-side Issues What was the initial condition and what is the proposed change? Water Quality and Recreation Spatial context Topological elements of a cover type such as area, connectivity, fragmentation, and proportion of the landscape Ecosystem Dynamics Threshold of service Non-linear change

Demand-side Issues Socio-economic factors Income Demographics Ethnicity and other cultural characteristics Population Substitutability

Scale Issues Temporal scale – Distribution of the impact of service – Time lags Spatial scale: – Who are the stakeholders? Who are the appropriate valuers? Disjunct between human scales of perception and scales at which services operate or generate impacts – “Only a fraction of what exists, is perceived and only a fraction of what is perceived is responded to” (Jedrzejczak, 2004)

Thank You! Treg Christopher EcoValue Project website: Funding: The northern forest module of the EcoValue Project was developed with support from the Northeastern States Research Cooperative.