- any activity that helps body maintain homeostasis - CONTROLS and COORDINATES life activities - Includes nervous and endocrine system

Nervous System - System of specialized cells to carry messages throughout body - Impulses are sent by neurons to and from Central nervous system

Receptors- structures that detect stimuli -ears, eyes, skin all have sense receptors

Receptors are also found on the outsides of cells and receive info from hormones, antigens, and antibodies - These are specific because of their shape Click ME!!!

Stimulus- Causes a receptor to send a nerve impulse - changes in light, temp, chemicals, sound Response- the reaction to a stimulus Stimulus  Receptor  Response

Brain -Nervous tissue specialized to control and coordinate the nervous system You are born with most of the neurons you’ll ever have. They are NOT replaced when they die!!!!! Neurons ( nerve cells) - Specialized cells that carry electrical impulses

Myelin – like insulation People with multiple sclerosis have their myelin slowly destroyed. Nerve impulses are not effectively transmitted. Symptoms are varied.

All cells have common organelles. Tell the name and function of each organelle or structures listed REVIEW!!!! Makes Proteins

Synapse- the space between two neurons - one end of a neuron secretes special chemical messengers that travel across this space thus carrying impulses from cell to cell A type of cellular communication

Which cell (X or Y) shows the receptor molecules? What would a drug that interferes with communication between these two cells look like?

Drugs and Poisons Stimulants -Speed up production and release of neurotransmitters - Caffeine – increases synaptic transmissions - Causes sleeplessness and nervousness

Depressants - Block formation of neurotransmitters - Barbiturates – produce depressant effect Pain Killers Body produces natural pain killers during child birth (maybe not enough) and also are thought to cause “runners high”

Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord protected by bone -vertebrate surround spinal cord - Cartilage disks found between vertebrate absorb shocks during locomotion

Brain - Receives 20% of blood pumped by heart - Is the major user of glucose in the body Consists of three Parts What does brain use glucose for?

Cerebrum - Largest part of brain - Two hemispheres - right side controls left side of body - left side controls right side of body Major functions – sensory, motor, memory & thought

Stroop Effect

8 hr / day 56 hr / wk 224 hr / month 2688 hr / year Doing What?

Only one of these images of a penny is correct. Which one is it? Check your answer and find out "what's going on" by clicking on a coin. Memory - ©1998 ExploratoriumMemoryExploratorium

Meningitis -viral or bacterial disease that infects fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord

Cerebellum -found in rear part of head under the cerebrum - Controls voluntary movement and some involuntary movement - Allows muscles to move in smooth orderly manner - Uses info from ear to maintain equilibrium - If damaged can result in jerky movement, loss of coordination and balance

Cerebral Palsy

Medulla Oblongata – base of brain - Connects to spinal cord -Controls involuntary activities - breathing - heartbeat - coughing - blinking

Spinal Cord - Connects all nerves in body to brain

Spinal Tap

Endocrine System - System a glands and chemicals that regulate metabolism, homeostasis, growth and reproduction - Uses circulatory system to carry chemicals to all tissues of body - Much slower than the nervous system, but effects can last for hours, days or even years Test Anxiety!!!!

Glands- Organs specialized for secretion of substances - Some secrete to where they are needed Ex. Salivary glands, gallbladder - Others secrete hormones into blood where it is carried to where it will act Ex. Pancreas, ovaries, pituitary Hormones- Chemical messengers made in one part of body and travel to another through the blood - Each type of hormone is recognized by a specific receptor molecule

Feedback Mechanisms- Keep body systems in a normal steady state - Help to maintain homeostasis Dynamic Equilibrium- Changes within an organism’s body that maintain a steady state - Often involve hormones influencing other hormones - Much like how a thermostat works in your house

The Human Endocrine System Pituitary Gland-”master gland” – found at base of brain - Controls many other glands through feedback mechanisms The pituitary makes: 1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates production of thyroxin in thyroid gland 2. Growth Hormone (GH) - Controls growth To much GH Not enough GH

3. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Stimulates development of egg in ovaries of females - Controls production of sperm in males 4. Leutenizing Hormone (LH) - Causes release of egg from ovaries in females - Controls production of sex hormones in males and females 5. Prolactin - Stimulates production of milk in mammary glands in female after giving birth

Thyroid Gland- Located in neck - Secretes iodine containing hormone - thyroxine - Regulates metabolism Goiter caused by lack of iodine in diet

Adrenal Glands- Found on top of each kidney - Produces adrenalin - Responsible for fight or flight response - Can give person super human strength during emergencies Pancreas- Secretes hormone insulin - Regulates how well glucose can go through cell membrane - As sugar levels in blood increase, insulin levels go up causing sugar levels to go down

Diabetes- Person does not produce enough insulin - To much sugar is in blood and excess is excreted in urine Symptoms include: Weight loss with increase in appetite Thirst General weakness Frequent Urination - Treatment includes proper diet, oral medications or daily injections of insulin - Insulin is obtained from genetically engineered bacteria

Gonads- Testes in males or Ovaries in females Ovaries- Produce estrogen and progesterone - Estrogen stimulates growth of female reproductive system - Promotes development of secondary sex characteristics - Estrogen and progesterone work together to regulate the female menstrual cycle Testes- Secrete hormone testosterone - Promotes development of secondary sex characteristics

Steroids- Derived from male hormones and used for medicine - Can be abused to build body mass and strength - Cause liver and kidney disorders and high b.p. - In women cause menstrual cycle problems and masculinization - In men can cause aggressiveness and low sperm count

Regulation in Plants Guard Cells - Regulate water loss in plants

Guard Cells