Conscious and unconscious movements- how we move and how we control those movements MOVEMENT

Any movement within your body, either conscious or not, in response to a stimulus from the external environment or from a need noticed inside your body Voluntary movement- movement of skeleton Involuntary movement- digestion, heartbeat, breathing

SYSTEMS INVOLVED Skeletal system Provides structural support for body Muscular system Moves bones (and others) to put body into desired positions

SKELETAL SYSTEM Protecting your body

SKELETAL SYSTEM System of bones and cartilage protecting your body and your vital organs while producing and storing blood

JOINTS- WHERE BONES CONNECT Cartilaginous- bones connected by cartilage- cushions, but only allows slight movement Fibrous- non-moveable- thin layer connects bones Synovial- allows free movement- often have a meniscus to absorb shock between the joints

EXAMPLES Cartilaginous- lower ribs Fibrous- skull bones Synovial- knee, shoulder, hip, fingers

LAYERS OF BONE Bone has three main layers Periosteum- Outer surface of bone. Connects to ligaments and tendons Compact bone- makes up outer portion under periosteum. A solid hard layer Spongy bone- inner part of bone, matrix of material with many gaps

LAYERS OF BONE

PARTS OF A BONE Epiphysis- top and bottom of bone, where connects to other bones Diaphysis- the “shaft” of the bone, thinner

BONE CELLS Osteocytes- small cells within the bone- many together make compact bone Osteoblasts- create bone tissue Osteoclasts- break down bone tissue

MARROW Cells active in the spongy section of the bone- Work in making both red and white blood cells Yellow marrow/pink marrow

TYPES OF MUSCLE Skeletal Muscle- attached to bones- directly moves body parts Smooth Muscle- line many organs- involuntary Cardiac Muscle- only in heart- pumps heart

MOVEMENT OF YOUR SKELETON- CONNECTIONS Tendons- connect muscle to bone When muscle contracts, pulls bone Ligaments- bone to bone Holds bones together

TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Cellular Respiration Takes oxygen and glucose, makes ATP ATP used to make muscles contract Muscles and other organs we’ve discussed Lungs/diaphragm Intestines/smooth muscle lining

CELLULAR RESPIRATION In Mitochondria Glucose broken down Bonds in glucose turned into ATP Useable energy Remaining carbon from glucose exhaled as carbon dioxide

When it is time for your cells to contract, they must use chemical energy in the form of ATP Adenosine TRIphosphate- one P is removed making ADP (adenosine Diphosphate). The energy from the P bond results in energy for movement

Actin and myosin Actin and myosin are proteins within a muscle Actin attaches to the myosin’s “head”, and gets pulled ATP is used, causing myosin to rebind further down the actin and pull again

The myosin contraction causes the actin to “slide” along the myosin strands, pulling the muscle This is a muscle contraction

As myosin pulls, the muscle becomes shorter, or contracts There are two types of muscle- Flexors- shorten causing a two bones to bend Extensors- shorten pulling the bones straight

ORGANS RELYING ON MUSCLES Intestines Muscles contract to cause food to be pushed through Blood vessels/capilaries Muscles contract to open/close blood vessels