Basic First Aid D of E Award – Mayflower High

Common Injuries There are 2 types of common injuries: 1. Acute Injury = this is a sudden injury generally caused by impact / contact and usually affects the bones and joints. For example a fracture / sprain. 2. Chronic Injury = this is sometimes called overuse injury and is generally a long term injury caused by overuse and usually affects the soft tissues. For example tennis elbow / strain.

Bone & Joint Injuries Bone Injuries = Fractures: simple / closed & open / compound, Treatment: dial 999 & do not move casualty. Joint Injuries = Dislocation: bone is pulled out of position at a joint by twisting, Treatment: dial 999 & do not move casualty. Sprain: ligament at a joint gets stretched and torn by twisting, Treatment: use icepack and consult doctor. Torn Cartilage: 2 pads of cartilage torn as a result of twisting, Treatment: use icepack and consult doctor.

Injuries To Soft Tissues Muscle Injury = Tennis / Golfers Elbow: the elbow becomes inflamed & tender due to overuse, Treatment: rest / physiotherapy. Strain / Pull: a tear in the muscle or tendon due to over stretching, Treatment: rest / consult doctor. Skin Injury Cuts: the skin and blood vessels get damaged, Treatment: bandage / plaster. Bruises: the blood vessels under the skin are damaged, Treatment: icepack & rest.

Injuries & Treatment InjuryCauseSymptomsTreatment Simple Fracture Sudden Impact /Heavy Blow Deformed limb, pain, felt snap Dial 999, do not move casualty Compound Fracture Sudden Impact / Heavy Blow Deformed limb, pain, felt snap Dial 999, do not move casualty Chronic Injury Overuse Discomfort, swelling & aching Rest and seek treatment Dislocation Violent Twisting Pain, deformed limb, swelling Dial 999, do not move casualty Bruise Impact on Skin Skin goes blue, black & yellow Icepack / rest

Injuries & Treatment InjuryCauseSymptomsTreatment Cut Contact with sharp object Blood flows out of body Bandage / plaster Blister Friction between skin & surface Water filled swelling Rest & plaster / covering Strain Violent over stretching of muscle Sharp pain, stiffness. Icepack & consult doctor Sprain Violent over stretching of muscle Swelling & bruising Icepack & consult doctor Torn Cartilage Violent twisting of cartilage Pain and locked joint Icepack & consult doctor

Hypothermia This is caused by exposure to cold for a long period of time. This could be caused by wind, water, or low temperatures. Because of this our internal body temperature becomes extremely low.

Hypothermia SignsTreatment ShiveringShivering Pale SkinPale Skin ColdCold Dry SkinDry Skin Lacking EnergyLacking Energy Losing ConsciousnessLosing Consciousness Slow BreathingSlow Breathing Shallow BreathingShallow Breathing Slow Weakened PulseSlow Weakened Pulse Insulate with extra clothing and cover the head.Insulate with extra clothing and cover the head. Move them to a sheltered place.Move them to a sheltered place. Protect them from the ground whether.Protect them from the ground whether. Use a survival blanket.Use a survival blanket. Send for help.Send for help. Check DRABC.Check DRABC. If conscious give hot drinkIf conscious give hot drink

Dehydration Water is the main component of cells and blood. About 66% of an adults weight is water and approximately 80% is a child's. The more active you are the more water you lose if you loose too much water you become dehydrated. We lose water in 2 main ways: Through perspiration (sweat) Through breathing (water vapour)

D.R.A.B.C. Sports person collapses and appears unconscious. D = DANGER: am I in danger?, are they in danger? R = RESPONSE: send for medical help, check for a response, shake & shout? A = AIRWAY: check airway, clear airway, recovery position. B = BREATHING: check breathing, start mouth to mouth ventilation (MMV) if not breathing. C = CIRCULATION: check pulse, start Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if no pulse,

Recovery Position This is the safest position for an unconscious breathing person. The head is tilted so that the tongue can not block the throat and the person can not choke on their own vomit. A person could be left like this while you went for help.

Recovery Position Instructions: 1.With the casualty lying in their back, tilt the head back and chin up to open airway. 2. Straighten legs. 3. Move arm nearest you so that it looks like the arm of a policeman stopping traffic. 4. Bring other arm across chest. Arrange so that the casualty’s cheek rests on the back of this hand. 5. With other hand reach across casualty’s far leg. Lift so that knee bends to a right angle. Then pull and roll towards you. 6. Once on their side gently tilt the head back to keep airway open.

R.I.C.E. Routine When bones, joints, ligaments and tendons get damaged, the blood vessels around them get damaged too. The blood leaks in to the surrounding tissues causing pain, swelling and bruising. The leaked blood also slows down healing. This is when we use the R.I.C.E. routine

R.I.C.E. Routine R = REST: stop what you are doing, movements keeps blood leaking so stay still. I = ICE: the cold makes the blood vessels constrict and this reduces pain and bleeding. C = COMPRESSION: this will reduce bleeding, the bandage should be tight but not too tight. E = ELEVATION: this reduces the blood flow to the injured area due to gravity