Biotechnology The use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of human life.

Transgenics Genetic engineering makes it possible to transfer DNA sequences from one organism to another REMEMBER- DNA is universal A gene taken from one species can be replicated in another species.

Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA contains DNA from 2 or more different sources. So how does DNA get from one species to another? Vector: a mechanism needed to transfer DNA from one organism to another Microinjection Gene Gun Bacteria Plasmid Virus

Recombinant DNA The host cell is often a bacteria cell Bacteria are used because they have plasmids A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA that exists apart from the chromosome and replicates independently of it.

So how do I take a gene from one organism and put it into another? We need to use Restriction Enzymes

What are Restriction Enzymes? Proteins Used by bacteria to cut viral DNA They “restrict” the growth of viruses What does this have to do with transgenics?!

Restriction Enzymes Cut strands of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences There are many different restriction enzymes that each cut DNA at different nucleotide sequences Usually occurs at a palindrome 5’ GAATTC 3’ CTTAAG

Sticky Ends Most restriction enzymes cut DNA with a staggered cut The staggered cuts leave the DNA with end pieces “sticking off” We call these “sticky ends” These exposed N-bases will want to join with other complimentary exposed bases

So what ? What do you predict could happen if two pieces of DNA are cut with the same restriction enzyme??? YES! They will have the same “sticky ends” How could we use this???

Restriction Enzymes can be used to make Recombinant DNA. The gene of interest can be isolated using Restriction Enzymes

Making Recombinant DNA… Once the gene is isolated, how do we join it with the organism’s DNA? Cut the organism’s DNA with the same restriction enzyme…why The sticky ends will naturally be attracted to each other Add DNA LIGASE: an enzyme that seals the fragments together

Now whenever the bacteria plasmid replicates, the gene will be cloned. Gene Cloning: the production of many identical copies of the same gene.

You have created a Transgenic Organism! organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA (rDNA) from a different organism

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