The Cardiovascular system 1.2.2 Semilunar valves Aorta Left atrium Vena cavae Pulmonary artery Right atrium Pulmonary veins Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Septum Cardiac muscle

To the lungs To the body From the body From the lungs The left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body for use. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

The Circulatory system Blood flows around the body in a ‘figure of eight’ circuit, passing through the heart twice on each circuit. Hence the name the Double Pump System. There are 2 separate ‘loops’ to the circuit: The top loop – carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back. The bottom loop – carries blood from the heart to all over the body and back. Lungs (A) (A) (V) (V) Heart Body

Blood Pressure

The Circulatory system 1.2.2 Heart rate is: “The number of times the heart beats each minute” During exercise your HR will increase With continued training your resting HR will be lower as your heart is stronger and more efficient Stroke volume is: “the volume of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction” At rest stroke volume may be 85ml, but when exercising it will increase up to 130ml

The Circulatory system Cardiac output is: “the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute” Cardiac output is governed by the HR and stroke volume Cardiac output = stroke volume x HR When you train your cardiac output will increase because your heart is be bigger, stronger and more efficient

The Circulatory system There are three main types of blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries

The Respiratory System 1.2.3 Alveoli Are tiny structures were diffusion of o2 and co2 takes place Surrounded by capillaries Capillaries have thin walls as well to allow exchange of o2 and co2 The more training you do the more alveoli become available for gaseous exchange Thin wall Red blood cells Capillaries

The Respiratory System Tidal volume “The volume of air inspired and expired with each normal breath at rest or during exercise ” Tidal volume increases during exercise Vital capacity “the maximum amount of air that can be made to pass into and out of the lungs by the most forceful inspiration and expiration”

The Respiratory System Oxygen debt “the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have ordinarily been consumed in the same time at rest”

Muscles and muscle action 1.2.4 Position in the body Main Action In the middle of the body at the back, forming the bottom Pull the legs back at the hips. At the top of each leg at the back. Bend the legs at the knees At the bottom of each leg at the back. Also known as the calf muscles. Straighten the foot so you can stand on your toes. Gluteals Hamstring Gastrocnemius

Muscles and muscle action Position in the Body Main Action Hold and rotate the shoulders and also move the head back and sideways. Trapezius In the centre of the chest at the back of the body, spreading up. Latissimus dorsi Pull your arms down at the shoulders and back behind your back. At the back of the body, either side of the chest. Triceps At the top of each arm at the back. Straighten the arms at the elbow.

Muscles and muscle action Position in the Body Main Action Deltoids In the upper part of the body, covering the shoulders. Raise the arms in all directions at the shoulders. Biceps At the top of each arm at the front. Bend the arms at the elbows. At the top of each leg at the front. Quadriceps Straighten the legs at the knees.

Muscles and muscle action Position in the body Main Action Pectorals In the upper part of the chest at the front. Raise the arms up, sideways and across the chest at the shoulders. Abdominals At the front of the body in the middle, just below the chest. Pull in the abdomen and bend the spine so you can bend forward.

Muscles and muscle action Antagonistic muscles Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons. They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement.

Muscles and muscle action Flexion (bending) of the arm The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover. The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place is called the antagonist. Antagonist (Triceps relax) Agonist or Prime Mover (Biceps contract)

Muscle vocab hypertrophy and atrophy Anabolic steroids Lactic Acid .... Poison Isotonic – muscle contraction resulting in limb movement Isometric – muscle contraction resulting in increased tension Strain muscles .... Sprained joints RICE

Bones 1.2.5 Functions of skeleton Support – Allows us to hold positions, standing up. Movement – Allows activity. Protection – Protects the vital organs, eg, brain, hearts, lung etc..

Bones Bone forms part of our lean body mass, which relate to weight and can affect performance (Diet and Nutrition Year 10). Bone determines size of body and length of limb, rugby players, gymnasts, high jumpers. Bones influences Body Composition and can therefore influence participation and performance in Sport. A joint – a place where 2 or more bones meet.

Joints, tendons and ligaments A joint is: “a place were two bones meet” Joints allow use to move freely during everyday life and in sporting activities Without them our movement would be restricted E.g. joints in our fingers allow us to grip (a racket, ball etc)

Joints, tendons and ligaments You need to now the different types of joint Ball and socket (shoulder) Synovial hinge joint (knee)

Joints, tendons and ligaments Joint movements Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Rotation