Theories and Practices of Development an historical overview

1960’s: critiques of development emerge as de-colonization finishes: HISTORICAL CONTEXT? ECLA: Raul Prebisch – Uneven dev from trade and wage imbalances – “Import substituting industrialization” and LA common market Dependency Theory: – Andre Gunder Frank: “the development of underdevelopment” POWER – Contextual School (Cardoso) stressed internal relations, case specific evaluation based on political histories and opportunities for social movement opposition Galtung (1971): Theory of Imperialism: center/periphery; role of elites in the periphery supports imperialism World System Theory (1970’s): Wallerstein and Amin – Amin: economic surplus flows to core/reinforced by political power – W. added semi-periphery – Important precursor to analysis of strong state  NICs

1970’s and 1980’s 1970’s – “Women in Development” WID – Economic boom-  World financial crisis – Petrodollars, inflation – Debt Crisis in Third World – Late 1970’s “Basic Needs” (Anti Poverty) approach from non- aligned movement 1980’s: “Structural Adjustment” & the lost decade – IMF response to Debt Crisis – Re-emergence of neoliberalism/Free Trade – Reagan/Thatcher

1980’s: Post structural/postmodern critiques – “Politics of representation” /Discourses of dev. Econocentrism, “trickle down,” invisible categories – Thinking about “alternatives to development” Heritage: Gandhi and colonialism Postmodern theory in the west: relative values Postcolonial voices in south: – “subaltern studies” – Third world women: “Alternatives to Development” Grassroots movements/practices rather than theories – Environmental movements (Chipko in India) v. “scientific forestry” – Urban networks/self provisioning (soup kitchens in Peru, Mexico)

Sustainable Development – Brundtland Commission (1987)“Our Common Future” – Definition: – 1992: “Earth Summit”or “Rio Conference” UN Conference on Environment and Development West meets South Agenda 21, – Critiques of SD cooptation of the term “sustainable” “Ecological imperialism”

1990’s: End of the Cold War/ Emergence of Globalization Globalization: Interconnectedness – David Harvey (1989): “Condition of Postmodernity” Geographies of Distance – Friction of Distance – Action at a Distance – Time Space Compression and Convergence: – State/Market/Civil Society: “hollowing out of the state?” Institutions:Role of the State and NGOs in Development

Recent development discourses/ideas Population and Migration (Cairo Conference 1994) 4 th World Conference on Women (Beijing) Anti globalization (Anti World Bank) movements Livelihoods “Capabilities” Amartya Sen Social Capital: the development darling – Social support networks – Transnational networks – ICT4D/Knowledge societies

Recent development discourses/ideas HIV/AIDS Economic justice – Debt Relief, Inequality Governance – Participation – Global Instititutions of governance Human rights Terrorism, conflict and development