Topic V – Energy in the Earth’s Processes A. Electromagnetic Energy 1. The is the major energy source for weather changes in the atmosphere and many of the changes occurring at Earth’s surface. SUN 2. Energy from the Sun comes in many different wavelengths

Reflected by aerosols (dust particles, water droplets) (6%) 2. Reflected by clouds (20%) 5. Absorbed by Earth (51%) 3. Reflected by Earth’s surface (4%) 4. Absorbed by clouds (3%) 6. Absorbed by Ozone, water vapor, dust (16%)

Land heats and cools faster than water C. Factors that effect the amount/ rate of heating Angle And Duration Of Insolation Land Vs. Water 2. Land heats and cools faster than water

Black heats faster than white Rough surfaces heat faster 3. Color Dark / Black White / Light Vs. Black heats faster than white 4. Texture Smooth Rough Vs. Rough surfaces heat faster

III. Temperature and Heat A. Heat Transfer 1. Conduction The flame’s heat causes molecules in the pans bottom to vibrate and become hotter. These vibrating molecules collide with their neighboring molecules, making them vibrate faster too. After a while molecules in the pan’s handle are vibrating so fast that it is too hot to touch. The transfer of heat by the collision of molecules. Occurs best in solids-molecules closer together (more dense)

The heat in the pan, especially near 2. Convection The heat in the pan, especially near the flame, causes the molecules of water at the bottom of the pan to vibrate faster, making it hotter. This hotter water becomes less dense and rises, and surrounding cooler more dense water sinks to replace it. A circular pattern of movement develops within the water. This up and down movement eventually heats all of the water. The transfer of heat by actual movement of the heated fluid (gas or liquid)

3. Radiation The heat in the pan radiates heat in the form of waves to the surrounding air. (Air is a poor ` of heat.) Heat Light and other kinds of waves radiate through the near vacuum of outer space from the sun to the earth. The transfer of heat by wave motion through air (transparent material) or a vacuum (space)

B. Measuring Temperature Found on pg 13 Of the Earth Science Reference Tables B. Measuring Temperature Water Boils 212 100 Human Body Temperature 98 37 68/69 20/21 Room Temperature 32 Water Freezes

Goes Up By 2’s Goes Up By 1’s Goes Up By 1’s Kelvin Fahrenheit Celsius 5 4 3 275 2 274 1 273 Goes Up By 2’s 272 271 Goes Up By 1’s Goes Up By 1’s 10 8 6 4 2 Kelvin Fahrenheit Celsius

44°F 7°C 280°K

CALORIE __________________________________ = The amount of heat required to raise one gram of liquid water, one degree Celsius. Rocks, ice, wood and all other materials take _________________ than one calorie of heat to raise their temperature one degree Celsius. The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of any substance one degree Celsius is called the ______________________ of that substance. Some of these can be found on the front page of the Earth Science Reference Tables. We can calculate how much heat needs to be added in to or taken out of a substance to raise or lower the temperature using the following equation: Calories = ___________ X ________________ X ___________ LESS SPECIFIC HEAT CHANGE IN TEMP SPECIFIC HEAT GRAMS

Examples: If I want to raise the temperature of 40 g of dry air from 70 0C to 78 0C: What if I want to lower the temperature of 20 g of copper from 42 0C to 37 0C: A piece of granite lost heat so that it’s temperature went down 15 0C. If the mass is 90 g, how many calories of heat were lost?

liquid water to water vapor Changes in State Evaporation – A. It requires of energy (heat) to convert of Evaporation is a process since it absorbs heat from the environment. Condensation- Water molecules energy equivalent to what was absorbed in evaporation. Condensation in the atmosphere results in the formation of and Liquid changing to gas 2260 Joules 1 gram liquid water to water vapor cooling Water vapor changing to a liquid release clouds dew/fog/frost

Liquid changing to a solid 3. Melting- A. It requires of energy/heat to convert of B. Melting is a process. Freezing- A. Water molecules energy equivalent to what is absorbed during melting. Solid changing to a liquid 334 Joules 1 gram ice to liquid water cooling Liquid changing to a solid release Sublimation Melting 334 Evaporation 2260 Freezing 334 Condensation 2260 Deposition

Heat Absorption Diagram Water’s temperature is ________________, water is in the ________________ phase. Water’s temperature is________________, all heat going in is converted to__________, water is ___________________________. Water’s temperature is_________________, water is in the ________________ phase. Water’s temperature is_________________, all heat going in is converted to__________, water is __________________________. Water’s temperature is________________, water is in the ________________ phase. Many times this diagram has “time” along the bottom. Latent Heat:_______________________.