1. Specific Heat
The amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
Specific Heat of water = 4.18 Joules/g0C
It takes 4.18 Joules to raise the temp of 1 g water 1 degree C

2. It takes 334 Joules of heat to melt 1 gram of ice
When 1 gram of water freezes, 334 Joules
of heat are released into the environment

3. It takes a lot more energy, 2260 Joules
to evaporate 1 gram of water,,
That’s a lot of energy.
This is known as the heat of vaporization.
Heat of Vaporization = 2260 Joules/g

4. sublimation Or when vapor goes directly to ice It is called deposition
This is why it takes a long time for snow to
go away in the spring. First it requires 80 cal/g
to melt it, then another 540 cal/g to evaporate
the resulting water.
Of course some of the snow and ice goes
Directly from solid to vapor, this is called
sublimation

5. It can all be summed up on this chart
334 J
2260 J
334 J
2260 J

6. In graph form it would look like this

7. INSOLATION Incoming Solar Radiation
Electromagnetic energy from the sun that reaches Earth
(do NOT confuse this with insulation)

8. Long waves
Short waves

9. Insolation …may be absorbed in the atmosphere.
Most ultraviolet radiation (UV) is absorbed by OZONE in the upper atmosphere
Ozone = O3

10. Ozone Holes
…in the upper atmosphere are caused by man-made gases called chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
Where there are ozone holes, the UV light is not absorbed, and can damage living things on the earth below

11. Insolation …may be reflected in the atmosphere.
CLOUDS can reflect a lot of solar energy back into space
AEROSOLS (small suspended particles) like dust, volcanic ash, pollution etc. also reflect solar energy

12. Factors affecting Insolation
1) Surface Characteristics:
Rough texture absorbs more
Smooth surfaces absorb less
Dark colors absorb more
Light colors absorb less

13. Factors affecting Insolation
2) Change of State
If insolation is used to melt ice into water
or evaporate liquid water into water vapor, less of the energy is available to raise temperatures

14. Factors affecting Insolation
3) Angle of incidence of the rays:
The higher the sun is in the sky, the more insolation is absorbed on Earth.
At what time of day is the sun highest?
At what time of year is the sun highest?
Where on earth is the sun highest?

15. What heats up faster, land or water?

16. What heats up faster, land or water?
LAND heats up faster because….
insolation only penetrates a few centimeters in soil, but up to 300 meters in water
water has a much higher specific heat than rocks or soil.
water can flow freely, so convection currents distribute the heat throughout a large volume of water
when heated, some of the water evaporates. Since some energy is used for this change is state, less is available to actually heat the water up.

17. Incoming solar radiation = outgoing Earth’s radiation
Energy Balance
If …..
Incoming solar radiation = outgoing Earth’s radiation
then….. the Earth gains as much heat as it loses and the temperature on Earth remains relatively constant
IF NOT: CLIMATE CHANGE!!!!

18. Radiative Balance
Energy in
Energy out