1 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Drug Court Evaluation Using “Big Data” Presented at the Washington State Association of Drug Court Professionals 16 th Annual Conference Presented by Jim Mayfield, Senior Research Associate Department of Social and Health Services Research and Data Analysis Division October 18, 2013

2 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Our topic today.... Review social service and criminal justice data integration in Washington State Demonstrate the use of integrated data to evaluate drug courts

3 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Washington is one of a few states in the nation with an integrated social service client database

4 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 That means we can identify costs, risks and outcomes at the state or community level and at an individual or family level

5 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Internal Institutions Dispositional Alternative Community Placement Parole Assessments Detoxification Opiate Substitution Treatment Outpatient Treatment Residential Treatment Child Study Treatment Center Children’s Long- term Inpatient Program Community Inpatient Evaluation/ Treatment Community Services State Hospitals State Institutions WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE Food Stamps TANF and State Family Assistance General Assistance Child Support Services Working Connections Child Care Nursing Facilities In-home Services Community Residential Functional Assessments Case Management Community Residential Services Personal Care Support Residential Habilitation Centers and Nursing Facilities Medical and Psychological Services Training, Education, Supplies Case Management Vocational Assessments Job Skills Child Protective Services Child Welfare Services Adoption Adoption Support Child Care Out of Home Placement Voluntary Services Family Reconciliation Services DSHS Mental Health Services DSHS Juvenile Rehabilitation DSHS Economic Services DSHS Aging and Adult Services DSHS Developmental Disabilities DSHS Vocational Rehabilitation DSHS Children’s Services DSHS Behavioral Health and Rehabilitation Internal DSHS client services data

6 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 External Administrative Office of the Courts Employment Security Department Department of Health Department of Corrections Washington State Patrol Department of Commerce Health Care Authority External client services and outcomes data Dental Services Medical Eligibility Medicaid, State Only Hospital Inpatient/Outpatient Managed Care Services Physician Services Prescription Drugs Homelessness Housing Assistance ArrestsCharges Convictions Incarcerations Community Supervision Hours Wages Births Deaths External Administrative Office of the Courts Employment Security Department Department of Health Department of Corrections Washington State Patrol Department of Commerce Health Care Authority WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE

7 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Dental Services Medical Eligibility Medicaid, State Only Hospital Inpatient/Outpatient Managed Care Services Physician Services Prescription Drugs Homelessness Housing Assistance ArrestsCharges Convictions Incarcerations Community Supervision Hours Wages Births Deaths External Administrative Office of the Courts Employment Security Department Department of Health Department of Corrections Washington State Patrol Department of Commerce Health Care Authority Internal Institutions Dispositional Alternative Community Placement Parole Assessments Detoxification Opiate Substitution Treatment Outpatient Treatment Residential Treatment Child Study Treatment Center Children’s Long- term Inpatient Program Community Inpatient Evaluation/ Treatment Community Services State Hospitals State Institutions WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE Food Stamps TANF and State Family Assistance General Assistance Child Support Services Working Connections Child Care Nursing Facilities In-home Services Community Residential Functional Assessments Case Management Community Residential Services Personal Care Support Residential Habilitation Centers and Nursing Facilities Medical and Psychological Services Training, Education, Supplies Case Management Vocational Assessments Job Skills Child Protective Services Child Welfare Services Adoption Adoption Support Child Care Out of Home Placement Voluntary Services Family Reconciliation Services DSHS Mental Health Services DSHS Juvenile Rehabilitation DSHS Economic Services DSHS Aging and Adult Services DSHS Developmental Disabilities DSHS Vocational Rehabilitation DSHS Children’s Services DSHS Behavioral Health and Rehabilitation Internal and external sources routinely updated in the Integrated Client Data Base – “The ICDB”

8 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 (Includes dropouts) Drug court participants and study sample June 2007 through July 2009 Reported admissions (unduplicated) * 2,537 Opt outs  582 Did not link with the ICDB  121 Missing critical data  163 Final Drug Court Sample 1,671 *Source: Administrative Office of the Courts, individual drug courts, and DCCM.

9 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER years -9 years -8 years -7 years -6 years -5 years -4 years -3 years -2 years -1 year +1 year +2 years +3 years INDEX Date felony was filed Baseline characteristics up to 10 years prior 3 years after filing date Age, gender Race and ethnicity Employment history Location Arrest rate Incarceration rate Days incarcerated Received AOD treatment Days of AOD treatment AOD treatment cost Most serious felony charge Criminal history AOD treatment need Previous AOD treatment BASELINE PERIODFOLLOW-UP PERIOD STUDY TIMELINE: Admissions from June 2007 through July 2009

10 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Dental Services Medical Eligibility Medicaid, State Only Hospital Inpatient/Outpatient Managed Care Services Physician Services Prescription Drugs Homelessness Housing Assistance ArrestsCharges Convictions Incarcerations Community Supervision Hours Wages Births Deaths External Administrative Office of the Courts Employment Security Department Department of Health Department of Corrections Washington State Patrol Department of Commerce Health Care Authority Internal Institutions Dispositional Alternative Community Placement Parole Assessments Detoxification Opiate Substitution Treatment Outpatient Treatment Residential Treatment Child Study Treatment Center Children’s Long- term Inpatient Program Community Inpatient Evaluation/ Treatment Community Services State Hospitals State Institutions WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE Food Stamps TANF and State Family Assistance General Assistance Child Support Services Working Connections Child Care Nursing Facilities In-home Services Community Residential Functional Assessments Case Management Community Residential Services Personal Care Support Residential Habilitation Centers and Nursing Facilities Medical and Psychological Services Training, Education, Supplies Case Management Vocational Assessments Job Skills Child Protective Services Child Welfare Services Adoption Adoption Support Child Care Out of Home Placement Voluntary Services Family Reconciliation Services DSHS Mental Health Services DSHS Juvenile Rehabilitation DSHS Economic Services DSHS Aging and Adult Services DSHS Developmental Disabilities DSHS Vocational Rehabilitation DSHS Children’s Services DSHS Behavioral Health and Rehabilitation Internal and external sources routinely updated in the Integrated Client Data Base – “The ICDB”

11 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER years -9 years -8 years -7 years -6 years -5 years -4 years -3 years -2 years -1 year +1 year +2 years +3 years INDEX Date felony was filed ADMITTED to Drug Court BASELINE PERIODFOLLOW-UP PERIOD Study timeline and comparison group NOT Admitted to Drug Court – but statistically similar

12 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 The study population characteristics Adults admitted to Drug Courts and a matched comparison group are statistically identical across multiple dimensions “Index” Felony: The most serious charge associated with admission to drug court Demographics Age Gender Race/Ethnicity Criminal History Felony Convictions by Type Misdemeanor Convictions by Type Arrests Juvenile Crime Other Characteristics AOD Treatment Need AOD Treatment & Detox History Employment History Geography

13 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 The study population characteristics Characteristics of adults Admitted to Drug Courts July 2007 through June 2009 and a matched comparison group Drug Court n = 1,671 Comparison n=1,671 p-value Demographics Age Male61.8%60.7% Hispanic7.3%6.7% White37.6%36.9% Black15.5%13.9% Asian/Pacific Islander5.0%4.9% Native American/Alaska Native9.2%8.8% Index Felony (Charge associated with admission to Drug Court)* Drug Possession67.8%68.4% Property –Theft/Fraud20.9%20.8% Property – Other8.1%7.6% Other Drug (excluding delivery)3.1% Other Felony (excluding violent, sex, and other drug-related)3.4%3.0% Criminal History: Past 10 years (Mean) Adult Felony Convictions Adult Felony Drug Possession Convictions Adult Felony Drug Delivery Convictions Adult Violent Felony Convictions Adult Non-criminal Convictions Adult Misdemeanor Convictions Total Arrests Juvenile Felony Convictions Juvenile Violent Felony Convictions Juvenile Misdemeanor Convictions Other Characteristics Treatment Need Indicated Prior to Index Felony100% Received AOD Treatment in Prior 2 Years21.7%19.6% Any Detox Admissions in Prior 2 Years7.1%6.8% Employed in Quarter Previous to Month of Index Felony36.7% Number of Quarters Employed in Prior 2 Years Geographic Distribution King County28.6%28.5% Pierce County19.2%18.3% Spokane County10.8%11.0% Clark County7.6%6.8% Snohomish County6.6%7.0% Thurston County6.4%6.8% Other Drug-Court Counties20.7%21.4% Rural County9.9%10.3% *Index charges for the comparison group were randomly selected in such a way as to coincide with the distribution of charge dates of those admitted to Drug Courts.

14 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER years -9 years -8 years -7 years -6 years -5 years -4 years -3 years -2 years -1 year +1 year +2 years +3 years INDEX Date felony was filed BASELINE PERIODFOLLOW-UP PERIOD Study timeline and comparison group ADMITTED to Drug Court NOT Admitted to Drug Court – but statistically similar

15 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Study questions 1.How do drug courts influence incarceration (prison only)? 2.What is the impact of drug court on subsequent arrest rates? 3.How do drug courts influence treatment participation? 4.What are the costs and benefits of drug court participation?

16 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Drug Court participants were less likely to be incarcerated Cumulative incarceration rate over the three-year follow-up period Drug Court and comparison group clients—DOC facilities only MONTHS AFTER INDEX FELONY CHARGE Drug Court group Comparison group 23% 17%

17 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Drug Court participants in the community were less likely to be re-arrested Cumulative arrest rate over the three-year follow-up period for individuals in the community Drug Court and comparison group clients MONTHS AFTER INDEX FELONY CHARGE Drug Court group Comparison group 85% 71%

18 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Drug Court participants were more likely to remain free of arrest *Based on a multivariate predictive model. Arrest-free during follow-up period * Adjusted Drug Court Group Comparison Group 2x HIGHER n = 1,290n = 1,384 *

19 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Chemical dependency treatment experiences differed significantly Any AOD Treatment received during follow-up DRUG COURT GROUP 3% No Treatment n = 53 97% Received Treatment n = 1,618

20 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Chemical dependency treatment experiences differed significantly Any AOD Treatment received during follow-up DRUG COURT GROUPCOMPARISON GROUP 3% No Treatment n = 53 97% Received Treatment n = 1,618 54% No Treatment n = % Received Treatment n = 775

21 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Drug Court participants entered treatment more quickly TIME TO TREATMENT Drug Court Group Comparison Group 64 DAYS EARLIER TO TREATMENT n = 775n = 1,618 Drug Court Group Comparison Group 3x HIGHER n = 775n = 1,618 Number of days before entering treatment Percent entering treatment within 90 days

22 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Drug Court participants entering treatment stayed longer DAYS IN TREATMENT Drug Court Group Comparison Group 128 MORE DAYS IN TREATMENT n = 775n = 1,618 Drug Court Group Comparison Group 4x HIGHER n = 775n = 1,618 Number of days spent in treatment Percent spending 90 days or more in treatment

23 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 More treatment = higher treatment costs Average monthly chemical dependency treatment cost Drug Court and comparison group clients MONTHS AFTER INDEX FELONY CHARGE Drug Court group Comparison group

24 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 More treatment = higher treatment costs Average monthly chemical dependency treatment cost Drug Court and comparison group clients Total per-person treatment costs $6,531 NET INCREASE

25 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER DSHS-RDA estimates of chemical dependency treatment costs based on TARGET. 2Cost effectiveness of Washington State adult prison offenders, final report, October Olympia: Criminal Justice Planning Services/KGM Consulting. 3Barnosky, R., & Aos, S. (2003). Washington State’s drug courts for adult defendants: Outcome evaluation and cost-benefit analysis (Document No ). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy. 4Bhati, A., Roman, J., & Chalfin, A. (2010). To treat or not to treat: Evidence on the prospects of expanding treatment to drug-involved offenders. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Justice Policy Center. Drug Court cost per participant PARTICIPANT COST DETAIL 2010 Dollars Drug Court Ordinary CourtNet Cost Chemical Dependency Treatment 1 $8,624$2,093$6,531 Incarceration per offender/day) 2 $4,631$7,655  $3,024 Superior Court Costs 3 $3,947$2,114$1,833 Sanction-related Costs (Jail) 3 $4,425$6,917  $2,492 Drug Court Administration and Monitoring 4 $4,270$0$4,270 TOTAL$25,897$18,779$7,118

26 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Benefit to Taxpayers Benefit to Society Additional Cost per Participant TOTAL BENEFIT $ 29,269 NET BENEFIT $ 21,987 Benefits associated with reduced crime Lifetime Benefits Present Values SOURCE: Washington State Institute for Public Policy Benefit-Cost Model based on parameters provided by DSHS-RDA.

27 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Benefit to Taxpayers Benefit to Society Additional Cost per Participant TOTAL BENEFIT $ 29,269 NET COST $ 7,282 NET BENEFIT $ 21,987 Cost effectiveness Lifetime Costs and Benefits Present Values Benefit-Cost Ratio = $4.02 [Benefit of $29,269  Total Cost of $7,282] SOURCE: Washington State Institute for Public Policy Benefit-Cost Model based on parameters provided by DSHS-RDA. 1DSHS-RDA estimates of chemical dependency treatment costs based on TARGET. 2Cost effectiveness of Washington State adult prison offenders, final report, October Olympia: Criminal Justice Planning Services/KGM Consulting. 3Barnosky, R., & Aos, S. (2003). Washington State’s drug courts for adult defendants: Outcome evaluation and cost-benefit analysis (Document No ). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy. 4Bhati, A., Roman, J., & Chalfin, A. (2010). To treat or not to treat: Evidence on the prospects of expanding treatment to drug-involved offenders. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Justice Policy Center. PARTICIPANT COST DETAIL 2010 Dollars Drug Court Ordinary CourtNet Cost Chemical Dependency Treatment 1 $8,624$2,093$6,531 Incarceration per offender/day) 2 $4,631$7,655  $3,024 Superior Court Costs 3 $3,947$2,114$1,833 Sanction-related Costs (Jail) 3 $4,425$6,917  $2,492 Drug Court Administration and Monitoring 4 $4,270$0$4,270 TOTAL$25,897$18,779$7,118

28 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Summary RDA is building a foundation for evaluative research of specialty courts A foundational analysis by RDA demonstrates the cost effectiveness of drug courts statewide Ongoing, actionable research requires a systematic and consistent approach to reporting court data statewide

29 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013 Questions?

30 DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER Available Report