Aquatic animal disease surveillance Mr.sci. Sabina Šerić-Haračić TCDC/TCCT consultant – Aquatic epidemiology

 AAD – aquatic animal diseases  AAH – aquatic animal health Used abbreviation

 Challenges of AAD surveillance comparing to surveillance of terrestrial animal diseases  Principles of AAD surveillance  Major determinants of good AAD surveillance strategy  Planning AAD surveillance – resources, sampling, analysis (P6, )  Draft surveillance design (P2, ) Presentation outline

 Challenge 1 – Environment  Terrestrial sp. – housing, ventilation, lighting, feed and feed distribution, water  Aquatic sp. – water is all  Fresh water, salt water  Still water bodies, rivers Aquatic vs. Terrestrial surveillance

 Threat to coastal ecosystems  toxin build-up and nutrient loss  i.e. mangrove forests and shrimp farming  i.e. coastal ecosystems and salmon farms  200,000 salmon discharges more fecal waste than a city of 60,000 people  containing antibiotics and pesticides  accumulation of heavy metals on the benthos  Genetically modification of cultured species and impact on biodiversity Aquatic vs. Terrestrial surveillance

 Salmon and shrimp farming major negative impact on the environment  Water plants and sea shells aquaculture environmentally restorative  SUSTAIABLE PRACTICES  lessen the risk of biological and chemical pollution  Prevent disease -surveillance  Waste management Aquatic vs. Terrestrial surveillance

 Challenge 2 – Biology of host  Most terrestrial animals  Warm blood  vertebrate  Mammals  Containment and biosecurity (movement, housing)  Aquatic animals (and plants!)  Cold blood  Many invertebrates  Fish, crustaceans, mollusks  Farming integrated into environment Aquatic vs. Terrestrial surveillance

 Animal welfare  stocking densities  behavioral interactions  disease and parasitism Aquatic vs. Terrestrial surveillance

 Challenge 3 – diversity of pathogens Aquatic vs. Terrestrial surveillance

 Challenge 4– diversity of management systems  Extensive systems  cages, still water ponds/reservoirs  Tilapines, catfish, Cyprinids  Semi-intensive systems  the ponds are fertilized  Exogenous feeding  Intensive systems  water flows in and out continuously  higher stocking densities  complete feeds and water aeration  Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Aquatic vs. Terrestrial surveillance

 Rapid growth

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial surveillance  Aquaculture seeks to replace wild capture  Farming of piscivorous fish (salmon) – still requires other fish as feed