Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 1 Specialized Business Information Systems Chapter 7

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 2 Principles and Learning Objectives Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of systems that can replicate human decision making for certain types of well-defined problems. –Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of developing artificial intelligence systems. –List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of these characteristics. –Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and provide one example of each type of system.

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 3 Principles and Learning Objectives Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the level of an expert but must be developed and maintained very carefully. –List the characteristics and basic components of expert systems. –Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an expert system. –Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert systems.

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 4 Principles and Learning Objectives Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the interface between people and information technology by offering new ways to communicate information creatively. –Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of virtual reality applications. Special-purpose systems can help organizations and individuals achieve their goals. –Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational and individual use.

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 5 An Overview of Artificial Intelligence

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 6 The Nature of Intelligence Learn from experience & apply the knowledge Handle complex situations Solve problems when important information is missing Determine what is important

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 7 The Nature of Intelligence React quickly and correctly to new situations Understand visual images Process and manipulate symbols Be creative and imaginative Use heuristics

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 8 A comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 9 A Conceptual Model of Artificial Intelligence

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 10 Overview of Expert Systems

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 11 Characteristics of an Expert System Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions Can display “intelligent” behavior Can draw conclusions from complex relationships Can provide portable knowledge Can deal with uncertainty Not widely used or tested

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 12 Characteristics of an Expert System Limited to relatively narrow problems Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge Possibility of error Cannot refine its own knowledge May have high development costs Raise legal and ethical concerns

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 13 When to Use Expert Systems High payoff Preserve scarce expertise Distribute expertise Provide more consistency than humans Faster solutions than humans Training expertise

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 14 Components of an Expert System

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 15 The Relationships Among Data, Information, and Knowledge

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 16 Rules for a Credit Application

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 17 The Knowledge Acquisition Facility

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 18 Knowledge Base Assembling human experts The use of fuzzy logic The use of rules The use of cases

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 19 Inference Engine Backward chaining Forward chaining Comparison of backward and forward chaining

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 20 Expert Systems Development

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 21 Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 22 Domain Expert Recognize the real problem Develop a general framework for problem solving Formulate theories about the situation Develop and use general rules to solve a problem Know when to break the rules or general principles Solve problems quickly and efficiently

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 23 Expert Systems Development Alternatives

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 24 Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence Credit granting and loan analysis Stock Picking Catching cheats and terrorists Budgeting

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 25 Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence Information management and retrieval Games Virus detection Hospitals and medical facilities

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 26 Virtual Reality

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 27 Virtual Reality Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 28 Interface Devices Head mounted display (HMD) Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) CAVE Haptic interface

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 29 The BOOM, a Head-Coupled Display Device

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 30 Viewing the Detroit Midfield Terminal in an Immersive CAVE System

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 31 Useful Applications Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance Entertainment –Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones Real Estate Marketing and Tourism –Used to increase real estate sales –Virtual reality tour of the White House

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 32 Other Specialized Systems Segway Personal Transporter Adaptive brain interface technology Personal awareness assistant (PAA)

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 33 Segway

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 34 Summary Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways