Kingdoms and Classification

Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organismsThere are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!!This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identifiedNew organisms are still being found and identified Scientists have only been able to identify and name a FRACTION of all living things-either current or extinctScientists have only been able to identify and name a FRACTION of all living things-either current or extinct Classification is essential to help distinguish between the ALL the DIFFERENT types of living thingsClassification is essential to help distinguish between the ALL the DIFFERENT types of living things

What is Classification?  Classification - arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities  Classification is also known as taxonomy  Taxonomy is defined as the science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships  Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organismsAccurately & uniformly names organisms Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all namesUses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names

Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy”Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclatureDeveloped the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species)Two-word name (Genus & species)

Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature usedBinomial nomenclature used Genus speciesGenus species Latin or GreekLatin or Greek Italicized in printItalicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT speciesCapitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writingUnderline when writing Canis lupus

Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placedTaxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificThere is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, speciesDomain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON

Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalesDiagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales Emphasizes not only each organism’s common ancestry or history, but also its own distinct historyEmphasizes not only each organism’s common ancestry or history, but also its own distinct history

Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function)Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo developmentSimilar embryo development Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of ProteinsSimilarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

Homologous Structures show Similarities in mammals.

Kingdom Notes

Classification of Living Things 6 Kingdoms All living organisms Archaebacteria* Eubacteria* Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia * Used to be classified together in the Kingdom Monera

Organisms are organized into these kingdoms by their traits and their evolutionary development Type and # of cells Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Single-celled or multi-cellular Characteristics of cells Type of cell wall/membrane Types of organelles they have How they get energy Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular (very simple cells) Heterotrophs Live in extremely harsh conditions (like Earth’s original atmosphere) Ex. Sulfolobus –thrive in the host sulfur springs of Yellowstone Scientists theorize that these are similar to the bacteria that first evolved on Earth. They have fewer organelles than other bacteria.

Eubacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular (more complex cells) Heterotrophs or Autotrophs (can be parasitic, decomposers, or producers) Ex. Clostridium- causes a form of food poisoning called Botulism Archaebacteria and Eubacteria were originally part of the same kingdom, called Monerans. After a lot of study on these organisms, scientists decided that there are enough differences between them to put them in separate kingdoms.

How bacteria affect humans Harmful effects: Parasites on humans, crops, animals (cause diseases) Decompose our food Helpful effects: Used in industry – help make rope, leather, yogurt, cheese, etc… Decompose wastes in ecosystem Mutualistic relationship with humans – live on our skin to kill other attacking parasites, live in our intestines and help breakdown our waste

Protista Eukaryotes Unicellular (few multi-cellular algae) Heterotrophs or Autotrophs Most Structurally Diverse Plasmodium Euglena AmoebaDiatoms

Fungi Eukaryotes Mostly Multicellular Hetertrophic Important Decomposers Recycle Nutrients Some are Parasitic Examples of Fungi: Mushrooms Molds Yeast Mildews Yeast Mold

Plant Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophic Responsible for all of life’s food Lack mobility Cell wall made of Cellulose Divided into two major groups – Nonvascular and Vascular

Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs Have mobility (except adult sponges) No cell wall Divided into two major groups – Invertebrate and Vertebrate Ex. Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds

There are 9 major phyla of animals: 1.Porifera 1.Found only in water 2.Body has holes for feeding 3.Simplest phylum 2.Cnidarian 1.Radial symmetry 2.Have stinging tentacles 3.Platyhelminthes 4.Nematodes 5.Annelids 6.Mollusks 1.Soft body with tentacles 2.May have a hard shell 3.Has simple organ systems Sponges Stinging-celled (jellyfish, coral) Flat worms (ie: tapeworms) –bilateral symmetry Round worms (ie: hookworms and pinworms) Segmented worms (ie: earthworm) –segmented body Soft-bodied (clams, octopi…)

7. Arthropoda Have exoskeleton Have jointed appendages Largest Phylum 8.Echinoderms 1.Redial Symmetry 2.Spiny skin 3.Can regenerate 9.Chordates 1.Internal skeleton 2.Spinal cord Includes all Insects, Crayfish, Lobsters, etc. Sea Stars (starfish), Sea cucumbers, Sand dollars All living things with a backbone…

Phylum Chordata divided into 7 Classes: 1.Jawless fish (Agnatha) 2.Cartilage fish (Chondrichthyes) 3.Bony fish (Osteichthyes) 4.Amphibians (Amphibia) 5.Reptiles (Reptilia) 6.Birds (Aves) 7.Mammals (Mammalia)