Principles of Animal Diseases

Non-Infectious Disease Causes Faulty nutrition- ration is not balanced Metabolic disorder- not adequately digested Trauma- wounds or injuries

Non-Infectious Disease Causes Toxic substances- poisonous materials such as chemicals, plants, snakes and spiders Congenital defects- birth defects

Cattle diseases Brucellosis- causes abortion during last half of pregnancy, afterbirth retention or sterility

Cattle diseases Shipping fever- complex with many symptoms such as closed eyes, fever, coughing, diarrhea, or discharge from nose and is more common in young cattle during times of stress such as shipping

Cattle diseases Many others such as pinkeye, leptospirosis, foot rot, scours, and blackleg Pink eye: http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/1093#Diagnosis

Swine diseases TGE: transmissible gastroenteritis- caused by a very contagious virus that has symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, with white, yellow or green feces and kills almost 100% of baby pigs infected

Coronaviridae http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/WWW/335/Coronaviruses.html

Swine diseases Pseudorabies: caused by a virus that has symptoms of fever, vomiting, convulsions, tremors, and causes sudden death of young pigs within 24 hours of appearance of symptoms

Swine diseases Many others including brucellosis, cholera (now eradicated in US), swine dysentery (scours), leptospirosis, MMA, mycoplasmal pneumonia, SMEDI

Poultry diseases Aortic rupture- an artery in male turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks ruptures and turkey bleeds to death

Poultry diseases Newcastle disease is caused by viruses and ahs symptoms of gasping for air, sneezing, breathing difficulties, tremors, and paralysis

Poultry diseases Avian pox (Fowl pox) is caused by a virus and has symptoms of yellow cankers in the mouth and eyes, scabs around the head Many others including coccidiosis, bluecomb, blackhead, fowl cholera, and erysipelas

Treatments Prevention is the best way to control disease Cleanliness Vaccination Quarantine sick animals Avoid exposure to disease Isolate new animals

Treatments Sanitation and good health management practices are important because some diseases have no treatments Cattle that have brucellosis must be slaughtered and disposed of properly

Treatments The recommended treatment for cattle with shipping fever is the use of antibiotics and sulfa drugs Treatment for scours or swine dysentery is the use of one of the recommended drugs in the drinking water

Treatments Drugs and vaccines are not effective in controlling and treating TGE and pseudorabies in swine Aortic rupture in turkeys is prevented by using a lower-energy ration and low-level use of tranquilizers

Treatments Avian or fowl pox and Newcastle disease have no known cures Coccidiosis-treated with Coccidiostats Antibiotics are used to treat other poultry diseases including Ulcerative Enteritis, Chronic Respiratory Disease, Bluecomb, and Avian Influenza

External Parasites Ticks- blood suckers Lice- blood suckers and biting Mites- cause mange Blowfly- screwworm in larval stage Heel fly- cattle grub Horn fly- smallest bloodsucking species Other flies- house, horse, stable

External parasites Tick Louse Mite www.encarta.msn.com

Internal parasites Roundworms- stomach worms, ascarids, pinworms, bloodworms, lungworms Tapeworms- broad tapeworm, beef or pork tapeworm Flukes

Major problems Other than death, the most costly result of internal parasites in cattle, swine, and poultry is weight loss or reduced gains The major external parasites of swine are lice and mites

Major problems Most external parasites of birds or poultry lower production by sucking blood Heel fly or cattle grubs cause large financial losses in cattle by lowering rate of gain and damage hides and meat

Major problems The major internal parasites of poultry are several types of worms Roundworms cause the most damage of any internal parasites for hogs

Controlling Parasites The most effective method of control is prevention Chemicals are the most common method of controlling external parasites

Controlling parasites Systemic insecticides that spread throughout the animal’s body is the most effective way to treat the heel fly which causes cattle grubs

Controlling parasites Deworming pregnant sows and gilts a week before farrowing kills the worms and prevents baby pigs from getting worms from their mother’s manure

Controlling parasites Mites, bedbugs and fowl ticks hide in cracks and crevices in poultry houses during daylight, and those places must be sprayed with approved chemicals during daylight

Controlling parasites Poultry raised in confinement in cages have little problems with worms Chemical, mechanical, biological and cultural methods are used to reduce losses from livestock and poultry parasites

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