B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 1 Teaching of the Concept of Valid Analytical Measurement Integration of Quality Assurance (QA) Issues or Separate QA Courses for Higher Education Important for all students Industrial placement students Analytical/environmental students

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 2 Reasons for Integrating the Principles of Valid Analytical Measurement (VAM) into Undergraduate Analytical Courses VAM is a natural objective of analysis VAM is best discussed in the context of an appropriate level of analytical knowledge and experience

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 3 Types of Students Involved Students being taught analytical chemistry as part of their higher education Those who have already received some training, and may be employed as analytical chemists Those who have received minimal training or education in analytical chemistry

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 4 Factors to Consider when Teaching VAM The information must be interesting, relevant and correct The teacher must be completely committed to VAM Mathematical concepts should be introduced gently QA and Quality Control (QC) are not concepts restricted to analytical measurements

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 5 Current Experience at Hull First year (all chemistry students) 27 hour laboratory class titrimetry/gravimetry real applications emphasise good laboratory practice estimation of errors introduce accuracy, precision and standards

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 6 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry Second year (analytical/environmental students) Importance of sampling Overview of methods Accuracy/precision/statistics Choice of instruments/reagents Certified reference materials Calibration Blanks/recoveries etc. Uncertainty

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 7 Second Year Assignment Each student assigned an analysis e.g. cadmium in natural waters Must find two or three methods (standard methods if possible) Select the one they consider “best”, explaining why Go through method explaining how they would validate it

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 8 Students Returning from Industry Quality Assurance (QA) Topics Quality systems Types of systems Documentation Quality control Audit Valid analytical measurements (VAM) Sampling Choice of method Selection of equipment/materials Measurement and calibration Validation Uncertainty (errors)

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 9 Materials Available Laboratory of the Government Chemist Tertiary Education PackVideos Sampling examplesLets agree to agree Case studies Uncertainty Interlaboratory proficiency Certified Reference testing Materials Resource list Computer packages VAMSTAT

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 10 MChem/MSc Group Practical Each group assigned an analysis e.g. cadmium in natural waters Must find two or three methods (one standard method if possible) Each group member selects a method and validates that method A reference material is analysed by all methods and results compared The final report has a joint introduction and conclusions, but individual practical aspects

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 11 Industrial Analytical Chemists Mock Audit (ACOL* students) Quality Assurance manual prepared Method set out in laboratory for analysis Students asked to audit laboratory with respect to method Extension Method can be validated for a different sample *ACOL: Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 12 Mock Audit Quality statement This company aims to provide high quality analysis at reasonable costs for its customers. It achieves this aim by having planned and systematic actions and thus give customers the greatest confidence in our results.

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 13 Management Structure Managing Director and Quality Manager Senior Technician (reporting directly to Quality Manager) Technician (reporting directly to Senior Technician ) Trainee (reporting to Senior Technician)

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 14 Quality Audit and Review The quality manager will carry out an internal quality audit once every 3 months (slides 15 and 16) Dates of audit: 21/1/96No action needed 5/6/96GC serviced

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 15 Training Records Name:Mrs. L. Nobody Job Title:Senior Technician Qualifications:BTEC HNC chemistry Training: Method 1Alcohol in Beer and Wine2/1/94 Method 2Vitamin C in Fruit Juice14/1/94 Method 3Caffeine in Iru Bru20/5/95

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 16 Sample Sheet Lab reference number0025 Date of receipt12/5/97 OriginAlthorpe Customer contactDr. Need Deadline15/5/97 Notes- Chemist assigned to sampleR. Sventrup Result0.25 g/P QC reference- Date of reporting15/5/97 Notes- Disposal of sampleDisposed

B. Neidhart, W. Wegscheider (Eds.): Quality in Chemical Measurements © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 A. Townshend, G.M. GreenwayIntegration of Quality Assurance Issues for Higher Education 17 Conclusions Important topic Needs to be integrated into all work Applicable to all chemistry students Best taught by assignment and practical work