© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Advanced Technologies towards Zero Emissions (ZETs) from coal fired plant and their introduction in EU Member States John Topper Managing Director, IEA Clean Coal Centre Energy Policy and Strategy of Sustainable Development for Central and Eastern European Countries until 2030 Warsaw, Poland, November

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk IEA Clean Coal Centre Members Today UK USA Japan Anglo S Africa Eskom S Africa NIGBHEL India BRICC China Austria Canada CEC Italy Sweden ACIC Australia CANZ N Zealand Danish Power Group Rep. of Korea BG Group UK Germany Eletrobras, Brazil

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Background and Content This presentation uses material from Towards zero emissions coal-fired power plants, an IEA CCC report recently issued, author Dr Colin Henderson Which is the third of a group of three - the first two were Clean coal technologies and Clean coal technologies roadmaps Will discuss targets for ZETs, the main technologies and development pathways And give examples of policies being followed in Germany and UK and by the European Commission.

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Current plant emissions and suggested ZETs targets (stack gas concentrations at 6% O 2, dry) Techn’gySO 2 mg/m ³ NOx as NO 2 mg/m³ Particles mg/m³ MercuryCO 2 kg/kWh PCC +FGD (to 98%) (SCR) CFBCAs PCC< <50 PFBCAs PCC <50 IGCC98-99% removal <75<1 NGCCNegligible<30 (SCR)-3000~370 PCC as ZETs <100 (interim) <30 (eventual) <100 (interim) <50 eventual) <1090% removal>80% removal IGCC as ZETs <25 <190% removal>80% removal

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Technologies as possible bases for ZETs Starting point is current technologies: PCC, CFBC, PFBC and IGCC CO 2 capture over-riding in setting ZETs plant designs As platforms for CO 2 capture, supercritical PCC and IGCC most valuable PCC: large commercial base and experience of flue gas scrubbing for CO 2 capture IGCC: good emissions performance and possible less efficiency loss for CO 2 capture Both needed to allow for different drivers and policies in different countries CFBC will have a niche role

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk CO 2 capture systems for PCC - ZETs Air and coal CO 2 to storage N 2, excess O 2, H 2 O, etc Oxygen and coal CO 2 to storage Oxy-coal combustion Boiler Amine scrubbing Boiler Moisture removal Recycle combustion gases De-NOx, FGD, ESP Flue gas scrubbing Contaminants removal

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Technologies - PCC-ZETs … (1) CO 2 capture - flue gas chemical scrubbing: Based on methods established on reducing gases using amines Experience on flue gas flows up to equivalent of 50 MWe Flue gas introduces issues like corrosion, solvent degradation Energy consumption high but being reduced (new solvents and integration improvements) Around a ~9% points efficiency penalty looks achievable Other work: inorganic absorbents; membrane contactors; physical separation Will need to consider how to integrate with SOx, NOx, particulates controls and possibly mercury removal

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Technologies - PCC-ZETs … (2) CO 2 caputre – oxygen firing with recycle flue gas (oxy- coal firing): Demonstrated for power generation from coal only in pilot test rigs Feasibility study for retrofit 30 MWe coal unit in Australia Large pilot plant planned by Vatenfall next to Schwarze- Pumpe power station in Germany Efficiency penalty appears similar to chemical scrubbing New oxygen production technology would reduce penalty Potential issues: corrosion, deposition, in-leakage of air Co-disposal with other captured pollutants may allow close to true zero emissions

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Possible pathway to PCC-ZETs to S/C PCC Hg activities: removal methods characterisation First commercial sales PCC-ZETs retrofits and new Advanced PCC-ZETs SO 2, NOx, particulates control: reduce cost of systems CO 2 capture: Large plant chemical scrubbing demo CO 2 capture R&D activities: New solvents, heat integration Other absorbents Membrane contactors Adsorption Oxy-coal test programmes Advanced USC PCC demo non-CO 2 capture Advanced USC PCC commercial non-CO 2 capture ITM oxygen plants commercial Oxy-coal demo Oxy-coal large plant demo

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk R&D needs – PCC and PCC-ZETs Ferritic materials and nickel alloys for higher steam conditions Widen range of deep SO 2 removal systems Develop SCR for deep NOx removal from coal-fired plants Develop mercury removal and measurement systems CO 2 capture by flue gas scrubbing - new solvents CO 2 capture from flue gas using membrane contactors and adsorption techniques Oxy-coal: develop NOx removal from CO 2 disposal stream Oxy-coal: develop mercury removal from CO 2 disposal stream Oxy-coal combustion: explore process implications of co- disposal Oxy-coal: testing of materials for high steam parameters Scale up ion transport membranes for oxygen production

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk CO 2 pre-combustion capture for IGCC - ZETs Gasification and solids removal Acid gas removal system CO 2 to storage Hydrogen to gas turbine Shift Coal plus oxygen Hydrogen sulphide to sulphur recovery Steam

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk IGCC - ZETs CO 2 capture – pre-combustion: For CO 2 capture, syngas would be shifted to CO 2 plus additional H 2, CO 2 separated and the H 2 burnt in the gas turbine CO 2 in relatively high concentration, capture with lower efficiency penalty compared with PCC plant Experience of E-class GTs on 95% H2. F-turbines under development Syngas shift requires steam - quench gasifier simplifies and reduces cost Integrating enhanced abatement of conventional emissions: SO 2 - already very low levels. Capture of CO 2 can be integrated NOx - SCR or future ultra low-NOx combustion systems Co-disposal with CO 2 could lower costs Particulates emissions already virtually nil Mercury emissions depend on the gasifier

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Possible pathway to 2025 for IGCC-ZETs IGCC commercial scale demos Early full flow IGCC ZETs demonstrations Advanced IGCC ZETs plants various technologies multi-products CO 2 capture: physical scrubbing demo ITM oxygen plants commercial CO 2 capture R&D: membrane separation membrane reactors PSA HGCU R&D: particulates SO 2, NH 3 mercury, CO 2 Further large demonstration non-CO 2 capture IGCC plants Commercial non-CO 2 capture IGCC plants F-class hydrogen turbine development and commercialisation (other markets)

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk R&D needs - IGCC and IGCC-ZETs Develop improved refractories Improve gas coolers Feed systems for low-rank coals Hot gas clean ‑ up developments Syngas tests on new turbine designs Mercury removal and measurement systems CO 2 separation technologies (physical solvents, membranes, adsorption) Membrane reactors Scale up ion transport membranes for oxygen production Demonstrate hydrogen turbines in F-class Ultra low-NOx burners for syngas and hydrogen

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Why we need both technologies! Uncertainty in R & D – not sure of outcomes and associated costs for ultra-supercritical PCC and IGCC IGCC looks more suitable when CO2 Capture is involved but it is currently higher risk and will take years to see market penetration Construction policy in China and India favours PCC – where most “new build” will occur

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk China – Future Ordering Patterns

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk European Roadmaps

Referat IX A 8 Federal Ministry of Economy and Labour C O O R E T E C : Roadmap Potential of Utilisation on Time Scale Risk of R&D highlowmedium Vision Steam PP  =50% Gas PP  >60% Steam PP  =55% Gas pp  =65% Hybrid- Power Plant Zero- Emission Power Plant Capture with Membranes Oxyfuel- Demo IGCC Demo CO2- Wash CO2-Reservoirs CO2/H2-Turbine Materials Materials 700°C Procedures Protection Systems Materials 800°C Min. Leaks Strategielinie: Effizienz Strategielinie:CO2-Capture/ Storage

Carbon Reduction Time `Increased Efficiency` Trajectory `Zero Emissions` Trajectory Near-term Mid-termLong-term Zero emissions will need the most efficient plant Key issue will be value of CO 2 CAT Options are complementary

CCS Timeline CCS operational Commence build Demo operational Commence Demo Immediate Issues to be Addressed :- Design Studies Performance Standards Monitoring & Verification Legal/Regulatory

Directorate General for Research - P Dechamps – Nov CO2 C+S R&D Policy  A Priority in Long Term Energy R&D in FP6 ( )  Capture and sequestration of CO 2, associated with cleaner fossil fuel plants. Targets: reduce the cost of CO 2 capture from € to € per tonne of CO 2 captured, whilst aiming at achieving capture rates above 90%, and assess the reliability and long term stability of sequestration.

Directorate General for Research - P Dechamps – Nov Components of FP7?  Continued focus on Carbon Capture and Storage  Re-introduction of Clean Coal Technology in recognition of the drive for greater efficiency whilst CCS is developed and deployed  Technology Platform to advise on strategy and direction of these two elements

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Conclusions ZETs needed to maintain power security Targets are suggested for emissions of conventional pollutants and mercury as well as for CO 2 for ZETs As platforms for ZETs, supercritical PCC and IGCC most likely to dominate future markets Incentives needed for conventional IGCC demonstrations also as a foundation for IGCC-ZETs Concentrate on increased efficiency and lower emissions of conventional pollutants whilst developing and deploying CCS technologies Does Poland and other Central European states need to become more engaged in the drive towards ZETs?