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2. Trace emissions from Oxy Combustions do not pose significantly higher health, environmental or operational threats than conventional coal plants. Impacts of trace components on Oxy-combustion for Callide Oxy-fuel Project – Further results and analysis from Callide field trials, December 2012 – Published in 2014. The results from the Oxy Combustion field trials have shown that the health, environmental and operational risks associated with trace metals are not significantly different to air-fired coal plants. In particular, the level of metals, acid gases and mercury are below the level of operational concern in the CPU beyond the first scrubber. During the trial, it was determined that the concentration of trace metals in the produced CO 2 stream would comply with food and beverage specifications for CO 2. Although the presence (or concentration) of other compounds may prevent its utilisation within the food / beverage industry. From a trace metals perspective Oxy Combustion CO 2 should comply with the most stringent pipeline specifications. Oxy Combustion Field Trial Results – Trace Components

3. Carbon capture and storage is likely to be an essential aspect of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources. Addressing carbon dioxide emissions with carbon capture and storage within the available technology portfolio is estimated to significantly increase the cost and complexity of the required climate change response. Carbon capture and storage has potential applications in four sectors: Stationary power generation Manufacturing including cement, steel and biofuels Production of liquid hydrocarbons and chemicals from gas and coal Removal of naturally occurring carbon dioxide from reservoir gas as part of gas processing operations. Understanding the health, environmental and operational risks associated with Oxy Combustion is an important aspect of commercialising the technology. © CO2CRC Oxy Combustion Field Trial Results – Trace Components

4. Trace components need to be cost effectively controlled within the Oxy-Combustion process. Oxy Combustion produces approximately 75% less flue gas than air-fuelled combustion and produces exhaust consisting primarily of carbon dioxide and water. Unlike the other developing coal based low carbon dioxide emissions technologies, Oxy-Combustion does not have any inherent gas cleaning technologies built into the process. In addition to carbon dioxide gas quality issues, Oxy-Combustion may also be susceptible to the impacts of SO x in the power plant. Image copyright CO2CRC Oxy Combustion Field Trial Results – Trace Components

5. Trace emissions of metals, SO x and Mercury from Oxy Combustion plants pose similar risks to those from conventional coal plants. What Macquarie University established in this work? The work reports results from Callide Oxy-Fuel trials, from this work it is evident that: The health, environmental and operational outcomes associated with trace elements are similar to those achieved with conventional air-fired coal plants. In particular, the level of metals, acid gases and mercury are below the level of operational concern in the CPU after the first low pressure scrubber. Mercury contents in the produced ash varied widely, with most of it deposited in the fly ash. Subsequent modelling and measurements has determined a strong relationship between the carbon in the ash and mercury partitioning. This may have implications as oxy-combustion efficiencies improve – decreasing the carbon in the fly ash. The levels of metals, SO x and mercury in particular in the produced CO 2 stream would result in a food and beverage quality CO 2 stream. Although the presence or concentration of other compounds (including hydrocarbons and nitrogen) may prevent its utilisation within the food / beverage industry, from a trace metals perspective Oxy Combustion CO 2 should comply with the most stringent pipeline specifications. Oxy Combustion Field Trial Results – Trace Components

6. Environmental mercury emissions from Oxy Combustion are less than ambient air concentrations. Trace species may have an impact on the costs associated with Oxy Combustion – in particular the gas-cleaning required to ensure acceptable environmental emissions. The detailed findings show that the current systems are more than capable of producing acceptable health, environmental and operational risk profiles. Modelling and measurement of mercury behaviour in the combustion system showed the strong relationship between carbon in fly ash and mercury partitioning into the ash fraction. This may have implications and should be examined for plants which operate at higher efficiency and consequent lower carbon in ash. Approximately 80% of mercury in CPU process gas was removed by the initial low pressure scrubber; with the final CPU process gas mercury concentration approaching the concentrations measured in ambient air (<2 ng/m³). Oxy Combustion Field Trial Results – Trace Components 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 9 F Fluorine 18.998 9 F Fluorine 18.998 35 Br Bromine 70.90 35 Br Bromine 70.90

7. Environmental chromium emissions were all below normal reporting limits. Trace species may have an impact on the costs associated with Oxy Combustion – in particular the gas-cleaning required to ensure acceptable environmental emissions. The detailed findings show that the current systems are more than capable of producing acceptable health, environmental and operational risk profiles. An examination of total and environmentally available chromium in all ash and coal samples from the field trials have shown levels are significantly lower than health based investigation levels for soils containing Cr of 100 mg/kg. It was also shown that 85-90% of the total chromium is isolated within the siliceous glass matrix of the ash and not available to leaching environmental fluids. The hexavalent form of chromium [Cr(VI)] was below the normal limit of reporting of 0.5 mg/kg for all samples. Oxy Combustion Field Trial Results – Trace Components 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 9 F Fluorine 18.998 9 F Fluorine 18.998 35 Br Bromine 70.90 35 Br Bromine 70.90

8. Halogen emissions were at or below detectable limits. Halide emissions were low and associated with fine ash and coal emissions. Trace species may have an impact on the costs associated with Oxy Combustion – in particular the gas-cleaning required to ensure acceptable environmental emissions. The detailed findings show that the current systems are more than capable of producing acceptable health, environmental and operational risk profiles. Halogens (Br, Cl and F) were at or below detection limits for the sampling techniques in both the stack and CPU. Halides (HBr, HCl and HF) were detectable in the stack (but not in the CPU), although no consistent trend in the field trial results between coal type or firing mode (oxy or air fired) was apparent. Research in the laboratory suggests that depletion of these species from the coal and ash occurs in all but the finest of particle sizes. Oxy Combustion Field Trial Results – Trace Components 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 9 F Fluorine 18.998 9 F Fluorine 18.998 35 Br Bromine 70.90 35 Br Bromine 70.90