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Dam and hydro-structure monitoring with FO distributed sensing Presented by: Riccardo Belli – PLM Distributed System

Web Seminar You should hear my voice through your PC speaker / headset You can ask questions using the “Questions” panel on the right of your screen. We will answer: In the “Questions” Panel At the end of the presentation By Later this week you will receive link to: Presentation in PowerPoint, PDF and with narration Datasheets

Contents Introduction / motivations to dam and hydro- structure Monitoring with Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Technology Application Examples Questions and Answers

Motivations Traditional sensing

? ? ? ? ? Motivations Anomaly occurence

Motivations Sensing everywhere

Dam & Hydro-structure Monitoring Goals Detection of anomalies seepage internal erosion hot spot leaking cracks Analysis of anomaly evolution Threshold monitoring Seamless integration with traditional sensors Remote monitoring with alert triggering Precise localization SENSING EVERYWHERE

Technology

Distributed Sensing Single fiber optic sensor (sensing cable) Every segment of sensing cable replaces a discrete sensor (typically a long gage sensor) Provides for location (where?) and magnitude (how much?) of measurand (average strain and/or average temperature) Complete measurand profile obtained by single scan

T, ε DiTemp - Raman scattering effects The Raman Anti-Stokes power is proportional to the thermal state of the optical fiber and changes according to environmental temperature changes that acts on the optical fiber. Scattering medium Laser, o

DiTemp System T1T1 Reading Unit Distributed Sensor 0m 1m 100m 1km 5km T1T1 T2T2 T2T2 Position [m] Temp. [°C]

DiTemp Harsh System Distributed Raman scattering  Temperature range: -40° C to 300° C  Temperature accuracy: 0.1° C  Temperature resolution: 0.01° C  Sampling resolution: 1m  Measurement Range: 5 km  Number of channel: 4  Power consumption: 18 W ( operating ), 0.5 W ( idle )  Power requirements: VDC  Sensing fiber: MMF 50/125 m (ITU.T G.651)  Operating Temperature range: -40° C to 65° C  Remote operation

DiTemp Temperature Sensor Leakage sensor and self heating cable  Temperature range: -40° C to 85° C  Fiber: 4MMF (ITU.T G.651)  Armoured: Stainless steel + wires (SS 316)  Self heating cable: Stainless steel + wires + copper

Management of distributed measurement data Temperature measurement analysis of single and multiple sensors System Status Management Automatic and schedule measurements 24 / 7 Alert triggering Warnings based on threshold and rate conditions Voice message, , SMS, acknowledge via SMS Remote connection and assistance Data displayed on maps DiView Software

DiTemp system working principle Passive method _ Leak Detection algorithm temperature anomaly warming cooling T/ °C time T/ °C time Pipeline leak

DiTemp system working principle Active method HPM _ Heat Pulse Method – self heating cable T heating T leak T environment Temperature Time HEATING TRANSIENTCOOLING TRANSIENT T NO LEAK T LEAK

Applications examples

Siahbishe Upper and Lower Dam Siabishe Hydropower Dam Siahbishe Mazandaran Province Iran Hydropower Plant

Siahbishe Upper Dam The Siah Bishe Pumped-storage Hydroelectric Power Project is the first in Iran. It provides valuable cover for demand surges in Northern provinces of Iran. Located 125 km from Tehran has an installed capacity of 1000 MW. The plant is intended to play a vital role in stabilizing the entire North Iran power grid, ensuring the safe operation of thermal power plants in the surrounding provinces. They have a storage volume of 3.5 and 3.6 million cubic meters, stand 82.5 & 102 meters high, and 436 & 332 meters across the crest. The main aims are in this monitoring projects are: - seepage at plinths level - active detection system with HPM technique

Siahbishe Upper Dam Plinth of the upstream face of the upper dam

Siahbishe Dam – cable installation Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout DiTemp

damage non measurable zone Layout scenario in case of cable breakage Siahbishe Dam – cable installation

DiTemp damage Solution scenario in case of cable breakage Siahbishe Dam – cable installation

Detail of Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout Siahbishe Dam – cable installation

Integration of Temperature sensor into geotextile fleece structure Protection of the installed integrated Temperature structure with sand Siahbishe Dam – cable installation

Siahbishe CMP Complete and flexible CMP installation

Site measurements Absolute temperature measurements during heating Differential temperature measurements during heating

Site measurements Heating procedure - theoretical Heating procedure - practical

Site measurements Absolute temperature measurements Differential temperature measurements

Nam Ngum II Dam Nam Ngum II Nam Ngum Reservoir Laos Hydropower plant

Nam Ngum II Dam The dam is 181 meters high with a capacity of 615 megawatts and can produce 2300kw of electric power per hour. The structure is located on the Nam Ngum River, north of the Nam Ngum Dam I, about 90km out of Vientiane. The objective of the Nam Ngum II project is to produce electricity for sale to Thailand and for local consumption. The main aims are: - seepage at plinths level - active detection system with HPM technique

Nam Ngum II Dam Construction phases of the dam

Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout Nam Ngum II Dam – cable installation

Detail of Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout Nam Ngum II Dam – cable installation

Nam Ngum II CMP Heating system DiTemp Computer with DiView

Site measurements – data analysis Temperature mapping during impounding

Koudiat Acerdoune Dam Country of Lakhdaria District of Bouira Algeria Water supply & Irrigation

Koudiat Acerdoune Dam The construction of the Koudiat Acerdoune dam, with a capacity of 900 million m 3, was allotted by the National Dam Agency to Razel Algeria. Made out of compacted concrete, the dam is supported by marly-shale soils. The main aims in this monitoring projects are : - temperature gradient inside the dam - seepage detection at dam low level

Koudiat Acerdoune Dam KA Dam – April 2008 KA Dam – March 2009

Koudiat Acerdoune Dam Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout F1F2F3 F4

Koudiat Acerdoune Dam DiTemp Reading Unit and accessories in the final CMP

Example of temperature profile measured on F4 Koudiat Acerdoune Dam – data analysis

Downstream face Upstream face Water reservoir Ground

Luzzone Dam Luzzone Dam Reservoir Switzerland Hydropower plant

The Luzzone arch dam was completed in In the years 1997–1998, its height was increased by 17 m. The reservoir has a volume of 108 million m³ and a surface area of 1.27 km². The main aims in this monitoring projects are: are: - Temperature distribution inside a large concrete block during setting reaction, during construction phase - Verify simulations, avoid excessive temperature gradients, optimize concrete pouring sequence to improve knowledge on the dam behavior Luzzone Dam

Luzzone Dam – cable layout

Luzzone Dam – data analysis

Artificial Water Reservoir Water Resevoir Murcia Spain Water supply & Irrigation

Artificial Water Reservoir The structure is a large artificial water reservoir with a length of 750m and a width of 270m The main aims in this monitoring projects are: -Early stage detection of leakage in the bed of the water reservoir -active detection system with HPM technique

Artificial Water Reservoir Construction phases of the water reservoir

Artificial Water Reservoir Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout

Artificial Water Reservoir Final Distributed Temperature Sensors Layout

DiView software System installed in the CMP DiView Software running

Conclusion Anomaly detection seepage internal erososion hot spot leaking cracks Precise localization of temperature anomaly over long distances SENSING EVERYWHERE Reliability in demanding environments Extended measurements range Cost effective On-line permanent monitoring Powerful and versatile software for data management and intelligent alerts

Dam & Hydro Structure Monitoring For more information Thank you for your attention