Chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Senescence Influences: genetic lifestyle environment historical period Multidimensional and multidirectional Average life expectancy has increased 25–30 years over past century Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Theories of Biological Aging DNA-Cellular Level Programmed effects of specific genes: “aging genes” telomere shortening Random events: mutations and cancer free radicals Organ/Tissue Level Cross-linkage theory Gradual failure of endocrine system Declines in immune system functioning Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Changes Heart: few resting changes but reduced performance under stress, exercise hypertension, atherosclerosis disease declining due to better lifestyle Lungs: maximum vital capacity declines after age 25 stiffness makes breathing harder with age Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Motor Performance in Adulthood Athletic skills peak from the early twenties to early thirties decline gradually until sixties or seventies, then more rapidly Continued training slows loss retains vital capacity, muscle, response speed Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Pete Saloutos/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Aging and 10-km Running Time Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Figure 13.2 Ten-kilometer running times with advancing age, based on longitudinal performances of hundreds of master athletes Figure 13.2 (From H. Tanaka & D. R. Seals, 2003, “Dynamic Exercise Performance in Masters Athletes: Insight into the Effects of Primary Human Aging on Physiological Functional Capacity,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 5, p. 2153. © The American Physiological Society (APS). All rights reserved. Adapted with permission.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Immune System in Early Adulthood Declines after age 20: shrinking thymus: reduced maturity and differentiation of T cells B cells rely on T cells to function Stress weakens immune response: psychological stressors physical stressors Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Subbotina Anna/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Reproductive Capacity Increase in delayed childbearing Fertility risks for women: problems jump sharply at 35–44 years reduced number, quality of ova Fertility risks for men: problems gradual, starting age 35 decreased sperm volume, motility increased percentage abnormal sperm Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Variations in Health U.S. early adulthood death rates exceed other industrialized nations: extreme obesity gun-control policies SES variations: poverty lack of universal health care environmental factors: pollution, crowding, stressors, lack of social support Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Rommel Canlas/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Leading Causes of Death in Early Adulthood Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Figure 13.3 Leading causes of death between 25 and 44 years of age in the United States Figure 13.3 (Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011b.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Causes of Overweight and Obesity Heredity Ethnicity Declining physical activity Increase in calorie, sugar, and fat intake over last four decades Basal metabolic rate declines with age Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Consequences of Obesity Health problems: heart disease diabetes various forms of cancer early death Social discrimination: finding mates housing education, careers Mistreatment Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © pedalist/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Treating Obesity Lifestyle changes: diet exercise Record-keeping: food intake body weight Social support Problem-solving skills Extended intervention Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Flashon Studio/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Dietary Fat Saturated fat from meat and dairy plays a role in breast and colon cancer and in heart disease should account for 7% or less of daily calories Replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat from fish, vegetables Total fat should account for 30% or less of daily calories Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Exercise Over half of Americans are inactive: more women than men low SES: less safe neighborhoods less social support for exercising Recommendations: 30 minutes per day of moderately intense physical exercise increased intensity offers greater health protection Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Benefits of Exercise Reduces fat, builds muscle Boosts immune system, resistance to disease Cardiovascular benefits Mental health benefits: reduces anxiety, depression enhances cognitive functioning, well-being Longer life Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Substance Use in Early Adulthood Peaks at 19–25 years, then declines: up to 12% of men and 6% of women ages 19–25 are substance abusers cigarettes, alcohol are most common drugs: marijuana stimulants prescription drugs party drugs Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Edyta Pawlowska/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Cigarette Smoking About 19% of U.S. adults smoke cigarettes: numbers slowly declining fewer college graduates; more college students, high school dropouts more men, but gender gap shrinking Deadly health risks Hard to quit: most treatment programs do not use effective strategies Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Alcohol Abuse in Early Adulthood 10% of men, 3% of women are heavy drinkers About one-third of heavy drinkers are alcoholics Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism Causes mental, physical problems High costs to society Treatment is difficult: half relapse in a few months Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Kamira /Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior Most have intercourse by age 25 Most sex in context of a relationship: 70% had only one partner in past year partners similar to each other Sex less frequent than media suggest: only one-third twice a week or more more often in twenties, declines with age Most satisfied with their sex lives; only a minority report sexual problems Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Homosexual Attitudes and Behavior Public acceptance growing: majority say it’s “OK,” support civil liberties, job opportunities Estimated 3.5% of U.S. population are homosexual or bisexual Sexual behavior similar to that of heterosexuals Tend to live in larger cities, college towns Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Factors Related to Sexual Coercion Perpetrator Characteristics Cultural Forces Manipulative, remorseless Approve of violence against women Accept rape myths Misinterpret social cues Childhood sexual abuse Sexual promiscuity Alcoholism Men taught to be dominant, competitive Women taught to be submissive Acceptance of violence Dulled sensitivity due to media, pornography Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Sexual Coercion Physical injury STDs General ill health Rape: 18 percent of U.S. women Perpetrators’ personal characteristics and cultural forces are predictive Immediate: shock, confusion, withdrawal Long-term: fatigue, depression, substance abuse, social anxiety, suicidal thoughts Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Arlem Furman/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Preventing and Treating Rape and Abuse Community services: underfunded few for victimized men Routine screening Validation of experience Safety planning Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Kenfotos/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Psychological Stress Related to social conditions traumatic experiences, life events daily hassles Caused or worsened by low SES Associated with overweight and obesity diabetes cardiovascular problems decreased immunity Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cognitive Changes in Early Adulthood Piaget: postformal thought Perry: epistemic cognition Labouvie-Vief: pragmatic thought cognitive-affective complexity Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development of Epistemic Cognition Dualistic thinking Relativistic thinking Commitment within relativistic thinking Contributing factors: opportunities to tackle challenging ill-structured problems peer interaction metacognition Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development of Pragmatic Thought Adulthood brings increased experience with real-world problems new ways of thinking that thrive on contradiction and compromise Increase in cognitive-affective complexity: greater awareness of one’s own and others’ perspectives improved emotion regulation Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Age-Related Changes in Cognitive-Affective Complexity Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Figure 13.4 Changes in cognitive-affective complexity from adolescence to late adulthood Figure 13.4 (From G. Labouvie-Vief, 2003, “Dynamic Integration: Affect, Cognition, and the Self in Adulthood,” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, p. 203, copyright © 2003, Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Expertise and Creativity acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field takes many years enhances information processing Essential for creativity: move to problem finding 10-year rule rise in creative productivity in early adulthood requires multiple personal qualities Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The College Experience Formative, influential “developmental testing ground” Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, and demands fosters diverse cognitive capacities: reasoning about ill-structured problems broader attitudes and values Depends on participation in campus life Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Kzenon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Dropping Out of College U.S. dropout rates: 44% at two-year schools 32% at four-year schools Personal factors: preparation, motivation, skills financial problems, low SES Institutional factors: few support services Early support crucial Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © milosljubicic/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Periods of Vocational Development Fantasy period Tentative period Realistic period: exploration crystallization Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Goodluz/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Factors Influencing Vocational Choice Personality Family influences: parent–child vocational similarity Teachers Gender stereotypes: gender-role conformity diminishing slowly Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © michaeljung/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Personality Types and Vocational Choice Investigative Scientist, engineer Social Counselor, teacher Realistic Construction worker, plumber Artistic Writer, musician Conventional Accountant, banker Enterprising Supervisor, politician Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Vocational Preparation of Non-College-Bound Young Adults U.S. high school graduates poorly prepared for skilled occupations Lack vocational placement, counseling services Work–study apprenticeships can help: European model programs rare in the United States Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.