Ch Sectionalism

Differences by mid 1800’s North North - More industries - Larger cities - Better Transportation and communication (Railroads & communication (Railroads & telegraph) telegraph) - More wealth - Immigrants became industrial workers & feared expansion workers & feared expansion of slavery of slavery - Larger population (gave north - Larger population (gave north control of House of control of House of Representatives) Representatives) South South - Remained rural (Plantations & Small farms) & Small farms) - Economy relied on cash crops (Cotton) (Cotton) - Manufactured under 10% of U.S. goods U.S. goods - Few immigrants (enslaved African Americans met labor African Americans met labor needs) needs) - In 3 states, Blacks were majority & half in majority & half in 2 others 2 others - Whites fear restriction of slavery would change society slavery would change society & economy & economy

Northern States Southern States Population 21.5 million 9 million Number of Factories 110,10020,600 Miles of Railroad 21,7009,000 Bank Deposits $207 million $47 million Cotton Production 4 thousand bales 5 million bales Differences Between The North & South

Slavery and Racism Abolitionist movement gained strength Abolitionist movement gained strength - People felt slavery was morally wrong and paralyzed economic growth economic growth Many southerners agreed that slavery was morally wrong Many southerners agreed that slavery was morally wrong - Backed slavery because they didn’t know any other way for blacks and whites to live together in society way for blacks and whites to live together in society Racism existed in both the north and south Racism existed in both the north and south - African- Americans could not vote, serve on juries or hold high public offices hold high public offices - African-Americans in the north lived in poverty

Wilmot Proviso Wilmot ProvisoWilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso North supported North supported - Were afraid slavery would mean no jobs for free workers - Northerners wanted all of the land obtained from Mexico to be free states South opposed South opposed - Argued that slaves were property under Constitution & feared more free states -South worried it would lose control of the government - Needed the free and slave states to be equal Wilmot Proviso Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by Pennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 as an amendment to a military appropriations bill Stated that no slavery would be allowed in territory acquired from Mexico

Mexican War Impact Free Soil Party – Free Soil Party – Free Soil Party – Free Soil Party – - new political party formed that demanded the end of slavery - new political party formed that demanded the end of slavery - Wanted Congress to give western settlers free homesteads - Opposed extension of slavery into territories - Many Free-Soilers weren’t abolitionists; supported restrictions on blacks - Objected to slavery’s impact on white wage-based labor force - Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery throughout U.S. By 1850 – As a result of the Gold Rush, California skipped the Territorial Phase of becoming a state By 1850 – As a result of the Gold Rush, California skipped the Territorial Phase of becoming a state California asked to enter the Union as a free state California asked to enter the Union as a free state - South wanted it divided into two states (Why?) The Senate begins to debate the admission of these states as free states – south begins to discuss secession! The Senate begins to debate the admission of these states as free states – south begins to discuss secession!

Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay presented the plan Henry Clay presented the plan California entered the Union as free state California entered the Union as free state Rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the territories of Utah and New Mexico Rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the territories of Utah and New Mexico Popular Sovereignty Policy – people in territories would decide for themselves Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. but slavery permitted. Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. but slavery permitted.

Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law Fugitive Slave Law Fugitive Slave Law Fugitive Slave Law - passed – people in free states - passed – people in free states had to help catch and return had to help catch and return runaway slave runaway slave - Alleged fugitives denied jury trial, right to testify on own behalf right to testify on own behalf - Federal commissioners paid more for returning than freeing accused for returning than freeing accused - People convicted of helping a fugitive were fined, imprisoned, fugitive were fined, imprisoned, or both or both Neither the north or south liked the compromise Neither the north or south liked the compromise

Slavery Divides Whigs Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in 1852 elections Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in 1852 elections - Candidate Winfield Scott and northern Whigs opposed the Fugitive slave Act and gave only lukewarm support to the Compromise of Southern Whigs supported the Compromise to appear both pro- slavery & pro-union Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852

Formation of Political Parties PARTYESTABLISHEDPLATFORMS Free Soil1848 Anti extension of slavery Pro Labor Know Nothing1854 (American Party) Anti-Immigration Anti-Catholic Whig1834 Pro-business Divided on Slavery Republican1854 (Horace Greely Opposed expansion of slavery into territories Democratic1840 (Democratic- Republican) States Rights Limited Government Divided on slavery

Underground Railroad Underground Railroad Northerners sent fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescues Northerners sent fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescues Personal liberty laws in 9 northern states forbid prison for fugitives & granted them jury trials Personal liberty laws in 9 northern states forbid prison for fugitives & granted them jury trials Underground Railroad—secret network of people who help slaves escape Underground Railroad—secret network of people who help slaves escape - Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, becomes conductor on becomes conductor on 19 trips 19 trips - Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols avoiding armed patrols - Some fugitives stayed in North; others went in North; others went on to Canada on to Canada

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book telling about the cruel treatment of a slave Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book telling about the cruel treatment of a slave Caused many Americans to begin supporting the abolitionist movement Caused many Americans to begin supporting the abolitionist movement Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the South's problem, but the nation’s problem Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the South's problem, but the nation’s problem Uncle Tom’s Cabin showed slavery as moral problem, not just political Uncle Tom’s Cabin showed slavery as moral problem, not just political

Kansas- Nebraska Act Kansas- Nebraska Act Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois) - wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to California Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois) - wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to California - It would have to cross the unorganized territory of the Great Plains Great Plains Act called for the creation of two new territories (KS & NB) Act called for the creation of two new territories (KS & NB) - Both were north of the Missouri Compromise line Douglas’s bill repealed Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues Douglas’s bill repealed Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues Act passed with support of the south Act passed with support of the south Kansas-Nebraska Act – Kansas-Nebraska Act – popular sovereignty popular sovereignty Whig Party splintered after Whig Party splintered after Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Formation of Political Parties PARTYESTABLISHEDPLATFORMS Free Soil1848 Anti extension of slavery Pro Labor Know Nothing1854 (Nativists) Anti-Immigration Anti-Catholic Whig1834 Pro-business Divided on Slavery Republican1854 (Horace Greely) Opposed expansion of slavery into territories Democratic1840 (Democratic- Republican) States Rights Limited Government Divided on slavery

Bleeding Kansas Kansas became battleground over slavery Kansas became battleground over slavery Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid societies Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid societies More antislavery settlers (free soilers) than proslavery More antislavery settlers (free soilers) than proslavery Kansas holds election for territorial legislature Kansas holds election for territorial legislature Proslavery Missourians crossed the border (Border Ruffians) and stuffed ballot boxes on election day Proslavery Missourians crossed the border (Border Ruffians) and stuffed ballot boxes on election day Each side boycotted the election Each side boycotted the election Set up 2 governments Set up 2 governments - Proslavery Govt in Lecompton - Antislavery Govt in Topeka

Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas May 1856 – proslavery group attacked Lawrence burned stores and home (several died) May 1856 – proslavery group attacked Lawrence burned stores and home (several died) John Brown led antislavery group that killed 5 proslavery settlers “The Pottawatomie Massacre” John Brown led antislavery group that killed 5 proslavery settlers “The Pottawatomie Massacre” Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some 200 Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some Lecompton Constitution 1857 Lecompton Constitution, 1857 Lecompton Constitution 1857 Lecompton Constitution, - 2 nd constitution drafted for Kansas Territory - proslavery supporters - Permitted slavery & excluded free blacks from living in Kansas - Allowed only male citizens of the United States to vote. - There were three separate votes - the final vote, residents of Kansas Territory rejected the Lecompton Constitution.

Violence in the Senate Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner verbally attacked his colleagues for their support of slavery in Kansas Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner verbally attacked his colleagues for their support of slavery in Kansas - Insulted aged South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler for beliefs and impaired speech for beliefs and impaired speech Congressman Preston S. Brooks beat Congressman Preston S. Brooks beat Sumner with his cane for Sumner with his cane for insulting his uncle insulting his uncle - Caused shock and brain damage brain damage Southerners applauded Southerners applauded Brooks & Northerners Brooks & Northerners condemned him condemned him

The 1856 Election Republicans select John C. Frémont (mapped OR Trail, led troops in CA) Republicans select John C. Frémont (mapped OR Trail, led troops in CA) Know-Nothing party split Know-Nothing party split - Northerners endorsed Fremont - Southerners selected former U.S. presidents Millard Fillmore Democrats - James Buchanan of PN Democrats - James Buchanan of PN - Most of his Washington friends were southerners southerners - Had been out of the country during the Kansas-Nebraska Act during the Kansas-Nebraska Act South was prepared to secede form the union if Republicans won South was prepared to secede form the union if Republicans won James Buchanan elected secession averted James Buchanan elected secession averted

Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott Decision 1857 – Dred Scott sued for freedom 1857 – Dred Scott sued for freedom Had lived in north with his master before returning to the south Had lived in north with his master before returning to the south Said that made him a free man after his master’s death Said that made him a free man after his master’s death Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave - Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories - Also said that Congress couldn’t ban slavery - Only states could Big victory for proslavery people Big victory for proslavery people

Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln-Douglas Debates Douglas believed slavery was backward & unsuitable for prairie agriculture Douglas believed slavery was backward & unsuitable for prairie agriculture - He didn’t think it was immoral immoral - Wanted popular sovereignty sovereignty to decide issue to decide issue (thought it (thought it would undo slavery) would undo slavery) Lincoln believed slavery was immoral Lincoln believed slavery was immoral - Lincoln though legislation legislation needed to stop needed to stop spread of spread of slavery slavery 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for Stephen Douglas’s Senate seat Because Lincoln’s unknown, challenges Douglas to debates

Lincoln-Douglas Debates 2 nd Debate - Lincoln asked how to form free states if territories must allow slavery 2 nd Debate - Lincoln asked how to form free states if territories must allow slavery Douglas’s issued Freeport Doctrine that explained how a territory could get around the Dred Scott decision Douglas’s issued Freeport Doctrine that explained how a territory could get around the Dred Scott decisionFreeport Doctrine Freeport Doctrine - Elect leaders who do not enforce slavery Douglas won the seat but doctrine worsened regional split between Democrats Douglas won the seat but doctrine worsened regional split between Democrats Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of slavery drew national attention Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of slavery drew national attention

John Brown’s Attack at Harpers Ferry John Brown’s Attack at Harpers Ferry Brown was an antislavery leader who wanted to start a slave rebellion Brown was an antislavery leader who wanted to start a slave rebellion October 1859 – Brown led a group to attack the U.S. arsenal at Harper Valley, Virginia October 1859 – Brown led a group to attack the U.S. arsenal at Harper Valley, Virginia - Planned to give the weapons to the slaves and start an uprising slaves and start an uprising - U.S. Marines put down rebellion, capture Brown capture Brown The north praised Brown and saw him as a hero The north praised Brown and saw him as a hero The attack terrified the south The attack terrified the south Southerners become angry at the North's response Southerners become angry at the North's response - Ask how they could share the same government with people who regard government with people who regard John Brown as a hero John Brown as a hero

Election of 1860 Election of 1860 Democratic Party split Democratic Party split - North supported Stephen Douglass - South supported John C. Breckinridge Republican candidate was Abraham Lincoln Republican candidate was Abraham Lincoln 4th party Constitutional Union Party candidate was John Bell 4th party Constitutional Union Party candidate was John Bell - Wanted a compromise to save the union) Two different elections Two different elections - South election was between Breckinridge and Bell - North was between Douglass and Lincoln Abraham Lincoln won the election with only 40 % of the popular vote (carried the more populous northern states - Wasn’t even on part of the southern ballots Lincoln had never called for ending slavery he just didn’t want it to spread - Lincoln told south he wouldn’t meddle with slaves

Election of 1860 South became angry that president could be elected without any southern electoral votes they feared they had lost control; of the government South became angry that president could be elected without any southern electoral votes they feared they had lost control; of the government - 18 free states and 15 slave states - Felt threatened that slavery would be abolished

Southern States Secede Dec – South Carolina seceded from the union Dec – South Carolina seceded from the union –Said it voluntarily joined the union it could voluntarily leave –Other southern states leave the union in next 6 weeks –Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

The Confederacy Established The Confederacy Established February the seceding states form a new nation (The Confederate States of America) February the seceding states form a new nation (The Confederate States of America) Former senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi unanimously elected president Former senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi unanimously elected president - Davis said that slavery was necessary for agriculture and the wants of the civilized man Alexander Stephens of Georgia was elected vice-president Alexander Stephens of Georgia was elected vice-president Only 25% of the people in the south owned slaves Only 25% of the people in the south owned slaves Other 75 % fought battle to defend system because they felt it gave them an advantage over blacks Other 75 % fought battle to defend system because they felt it gave them an advantage over blacks

The Calm Before the Storm President Buchanan called secession illegal President Buchanan called secession illegal - Also said it was illegal to stop it Mass resignations from government in Washington, D.C. (Southern city) Mass resignations from government in Washington, D.C. (Southern city) Some people thought the federal government was melting away Some people thought the federal government was melting away Abraham Lincoln didn’t take office until March 1961 Abraham Lincoln didn’t take office until March 1961 Would North allow the South to leave the union without a fight? Would North allow the South to leave the union without a fight?

The Calm Before the Storm In late December 1860 three commissioners from the newly seceded state of South Carolina met with lame-duck President Buchanan to negotiate for possession of Fort Sumter, a federal installation in Charleston Harbor. Buchanan's attempts to stay the situation and South Carolina governor Francis Pickens's insistence on Union evacuation of the fort are ridiculed here. Pickens (left) holds a lit fuse to a giant Union cannon "Peacemaker," which is pointed at his own abdomen. He threatens, "Mr. President, if you don't surrender that fort at once, I'll be "blowed" if I don't fire." Buchanan (right) throws up his hands in alarm and cries, "Oh don't! Governor Pickens, don't fire! till I get out of office." In the background a steamer makes its way across Charleston Harbor toward Fort Sumter. The print probably appeared early in 1861, amid mounting tensions over the fate of the fort and uneasy relations between Washington and South Carolina.