Subsistence
Learning Objectives: Subsistence Unit 1. Identify the subsistence patterns found in human societies 2. Identify the cultural characteristics of a society that might be inferred from knowing the society’s subsistence patterns 3. Identify the changes brought about by the transition to food production.
Adaptive Strategies Means of making a living 1) Foraging 2) Horticulture 3) Agriculture 4) Pastoralism
Foraging Until 10,000 years ago this was the strategy of all humans Rely on available natural resources 1. 2. Variation among world’s foragers
Foraging: Hunting Typically a male domain though ___________________ Influence of the Environment
Foraging: Gathering Typically a female domain 1. 2. Provides most of the nutritional requirements for the group (60-70%)
Foraging: Inuit Alaska & Canada ________
Foraging: San (Bushmen) : 3,000 of the 10,000 known San people were relocated ___________________________________ 2006 court ruling -- ___________________ Global political action for indigenous peoples Conditions were imposed Access to area, water, hunting, permits
Horticulture The _____________________________________ Hoes and digging sticks Fields are not continually planted Does not produce ____________________ Supplement diet by _______________________
Horticultural Techniques Slash and Burn 1. 2. Polyculture:
Horticultural Groups Low population densities Lack of surplus maintains __________________ Some nomadic populations Continuously exploit new soil when old plots have lost their usefulness Some permanent settlements Move horticultural plots ___________________
Horticulturalists of Today Yanomamo of Brazil, Kayapo of Brazil, Hopi of the Southwestern U.S., Peoples of the Nile River Valley in Egypt, Common in Indonesia and the Philippines. Populations in Madagascar
Agriculture Cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively Focus of our discussion: 1. 2 3.
Agriculture: Domesticated Animals Means of production 1. 2. 3. 4.
Agriculture: Irrigation Benefits Cultivate a plot year around Enrichment of soil Considered a capital investment Example: Ifugao Rice FieldsIfugao Rice Fields
Agriculture: Irrigation & Terracing
Cultivation Continuum Horticulture: ______________________ Agriculture: ____________ __________________________________________________ Key Difference between H & A: _________________vs. _________________
Pastoralism Subsistence strategy relying on domesticated animals Adaptation to one’s environment Areas where _________ Only in ____________
Pastoralism Degree of sedentism depends on animals Camels, cows, goats: ______________ Pigs: _______________________ Types of Mobility ________________: Annual movement of the entire pastoral group with herds _________________: Part of the group moves with seasonally with herd