5 innov: Demand Mgmt, PRT Last Mile & Mobility Hubs (bundle of services) Steve Raney –Transform Office Parks …. Moving Cooler: 2035 GHG –Higher fuel efficiency, but –Have to reduce driving (VMT) Bay Area MTC: 2020/35 “fail” –Can N. Bayshore innovate for Bay Area & CA?

1. (TDM) To save CA climate: Eliminate free parking (like Stanford and downtown SF/SJ) Moving Cooler: $5/gal tax  cut VMT 28% –Raise gas price? Political suicide –Europe: $9/gal gas  33% less VMT than US –Bay Area MTC: “Increase driving price to cut VMT” $2 daily SOV office parking charge + $4 incentive –23% less commute statewide & can spread –Start with $0.25 charge & $0.50 incentive –High tech, low-cost implementation No cost to real-estate facilities manager’s budget –No parking booths or gates or re-striping Android + Connected Vehicle (OnStar) Game changer. More important than PRT.

2. (TDM) Green Commute Housing Preference Priority access to new apartments/condos for green commuters –Works best with a waiting list for the housing –Preferences pass fair housing demographic test Stanford West: 515 apartments –396 Stanford, 96 hospital, 14 Palo Alto, 9 long commutes –10% short-commute rent discount.

3. PRT (personal rapid transit) Video, faster than a car

PRT: 3 companies (+ Skytran) Ultra, 2getthere: robocars (could bump curb) Vectus: train-like Non-stop origin to destination, bypassing intermediate stations –Separate guideway (track) for stations versus main guideway Control system: manage many vehicles Driverless / full automation –Accurate location sensing, lateral and longitudinal.

2 operational systems, 2 more coming MilesStnsPodsTrips/day 2getthere Masdar ,000 Ultra Heathrow ,200 Vectus Suncheon6.0240many Ultra Amritsar K+

PRT sketch (handout) Orange: –8.5 mi, 24 stations, ~$128M Faster than a car 101/85 gridlock solution More downtown customers Genl Plan Sustainability Giant cleantech TOD Stevens Creek X-ing.

~4. N. Bayshore Commute Pattern? Palo Alto: SRP 25K jobs Commute Shed: –47% within 2 miles of Caltrain –49% w/i 10 miles 80% SOV, 11% pool, 1% rail 18 mi one-way 200 similar Google: 62% SOV.

4. Comprehensive, Integrated Mobility Door to Door Delivery services, Personal activities, Business services first mile Train, HSR first mile Bus Web/wireless coordination Supportive policy context Scale! Short carpool pick up first mile Long carpool Improved match-making Shared parking PRT system LAST MILE mid-day trips Walk Bike, scooter Avego Car/bike share + rent, ride home

N. Bayshore, Stanford Rsrch Park, Stanford Avoid single family home areas Hub: transit, car/bike/scooter share, rideshare. Priced Mobility Hub Google Bus w/ PRT last mile Caltrain VTA Rapid Bus

Market Research Results (300 surveys) Palo Alto, Pleasanton office parks Solo commutes: 89%  45% –Carpool: 9%  32%, train: 0%  15.5% train –For 20K people, removes 6,600 autos 350 s.f. per space  50 acres  in-fill (residential) 1.32 PRT trips/day/person => 26K trips/day –Top shuttle bus systems: 3K trips/day.

Customer-Centered Product Research Literature Product Concept Interviews Experts (100+ mtngs) Commute Refined Concept Surveys Validation UC Berkeley’s Deakin says we need it. Silicon Valley style Anthropological w/ Vulcan mind-meld New technology bias –High touch / community building is natural Start with rough business case in mind and refine.

#5 Intriguing Last Mile: Google Caddy Beta Droid: fetch unmanned, robotic cart Human drives to destination Cart then parks itself Big challenge: regulatory approval Probably not as high capacity as PRT Slow carts don’t cross 101 (robo-Prius could).

Thank you

Backing slides

PRT PPP Funding Brainstorms Goal: Cover PRT debt service + O&M: ~$16.6M/year –Government debt lowers debt service vs. private sector debt 20K rides per day at $1.50 fare = $11M Eliminate shuttle bus service: ~$4M PBID – property based improvement district –One of many methods for TOD value capture –Emeryville GoRound shuttle bus PBID: $2.3M for N. Bayshore PBID is larger. –Time savings for employee trips between bldgs: $50/hr * 10 min savings * 5,000 trips/day * 250 operating days = $11M –HR: Value of 1% reduction in employee turnover on 20K jobs: $20M Ads: ~$1M (more prominent ads  more $) Increase in Caltrain & VTA LRT revenue (with no marketing cost): ~$4M Creative: charge for parking, dedicating some revenue to PRT Carbon $50 per ton: small One-time savings –Eliminate the need to build new parking structures: easily $50M –Reclaim surface parking lots for new urbanist residential redevelopment: $326M More local sources, the better. Avoid federal if possible Airports have “easier” revenue streams.

PRT capacity

Customer Centered Research Large solo driving reduction is hard Last mile problem is very important –Mid-day trips: 2X value of time –Workers are unhappy with bus shuttles Each commuter: basket of objections –PRT last mile is important, but not sufficient 30% time penalty: alt still beats SOV Carpool psychology is complex: –Matchmaking: anonymous, superficial rejection (web dating) –Sleep, uncertainty stress, and safety are important Short Caltrain or carpool with PRT: OK Customer support: eliminate nightmares Stranding: want “no penalty” emergency ride home Good commute: “time went fast.”

Knowledge worker research Large suburban solo driving reduction is hard –80% SOV to 79% SOV is hard –But, SOV is “least worst,” not loved –SOV: no-brainer background task –Charging $6 per day for parking works ($9 gas) –Pay $4 per day not to park - fails –Current carpooling: “fampools” Value of time –Commute: 50% of hourly. Lunch: 200% –Waiting under uncertainty, 3X –Tysons circulator: SAIC to Panera, 500’ Each commuter: basket of objections.

PRT Safety / Safety Certification Automated transit (APMs): 100X safer than driving & at-grade transit US / ASCE APM Standards –Airport APMs: same safety standard –BAA & ULTra PRT on the ASCE committee 361 ULTra hazard cases –Earthquake, truck crashes into column, falling debris, fire, bad people, extreme weather, vehicle fails on guideway, slipping on stairs, etc..

PRT ~$15M Cost per mile Cost function = f { –System size (larger is cheaper because of fixed costs) –Station Density (more stations/mile => higher cost) –Peak hour trip demand (more demand => more vehicles) –Guideway: Elevated At-grade Tunnel Culvert Cantilever Bi-directional Seismic requirements “Curviness” –Stations: “fancy” costs more –Vehicle customizations. –Desired average passenger wait time (shorter wait => more vehicles) }.

Gap: carsharing Buy/lease dedicated fleet. Crud biz model Solution: Peer to Peer carsharing –SprideShare won enabling 2010 CA insurance regulation –Relay Rides (investor: GM) –Wheelz (investor: Zipcar, Bill Ford).

Vulcans instead of humans Rational, well-informed voters –Land-use conversant, no science denial, no misinformation Regions control major city land use decisions 1992 (Rio): Vulcans unite to protect climate –By 2011, Vulcans meet 2035 AB32 target (50% of 1990) US gas price: $8 per gallon –like Europe  33% less driving. Ripples into policymaking $200/ton CO2 Population reduction President Robert Reich.

Family Energy Consumption – driving matters most Urban vs. suburban Outlaw new single family homes.

Suburban Smart Growth Stinks East Bay BART TOD: 40% transit commutes –Commute to auto-hostile San Francisco South Bay Caltrain TOD: 17% transit commutes –High driving residents “crowd out” green commuters –Non-TOD South Bay: 4% or less transit commutes Suburban LRT “TOD without the T” – Calthorpe Potential: Portland Pearl Dist: –9 VMT/person/day vs 22 VMT for region Hence, make Smart Growth smarter: 1.PRT as shuttle bus on steroids  new mobility 2.Green culture for new residential 3.Green commute housing preference 4.Driving / parking pricing.

Portland Pearl District At 3-story mixed use, driving is less than half of typical U.S.: (mode share for all trips (errands and commute) is the % shown for auto, walk, transit, and bike) Land Use Type% Auto% Walk% Transit% Bike VMT per capita per day Autos per HH Good transit + mixed use Good transit only Rest of Portland Region Parsons Brinckerhoff Factors for Success in California’s Transit-Oriented Development: Page 24, Table 2.1: 1994 Metro Travel Behavior Survey Resultshttp:// for Portland, Mulnomah County, Oregon

Efficient Human Settlement Patterns Reducing driving is BIG, BIG, BIG –Prius is good, but not sufficient For each person, minimize the distances in the triangle below (units: miles  feet) Solution: fix suburb at a profit, spread like virus –Must innovate, need smarter Smart Growth. Home Job Activities

6K vs 4K per capita VMT  gas tax

$8 gallon gas  28% less VMT $5 gas tax increase is politically impossible Auto insurance by the mile  $1.67/gal increase  6% less VMT (Allen G VPPP) Workplace parking (UCLA’s Shoup) –$4/day incentive (pay workers to not SOV) –$2/day parking charge if you SOV –Revenue neutral to employers –Start small ($0.50 incentive + $0.25 charge) & ratchet it up gradually –23% less commute VMT.

Green Commute Hsng Examples Stanford West Apts: 515 apts –Shuttle bus, biking, hostile to cars –396 Stanford, 96 hospital, 14 Palo Alto, 9 long commutes –10% short-commute rent discount –2.6 MM less VMT/CO2 lbs./yr Redwood City: 800 mkt rate condos –1 mi from dntn, bike path –Cities21 victory –Sell to greens: 4 months No commute All adults, 80% grn commute One adult, 80% grn commute Work within 4 miles. FHA test Qs.

Residents: PRT Grocery Shopping Hook N Go: 2 car family: –1 car –PRT: errands –Carsharing.

Wireless Commute Assistant Big Sister knows where & who you are Wi-payment Customer support QuickCar, < 5 minutes Trip planning, travel advisory Order a PRT vehicle. Shared parking entry, QuickCar key Easy PRT ticketing Improved indoor reception NextTrain TrakRide for carpools HomeSafe, SpyKids NextSpace for parking GPS: tracking

“Hands-free” PRT ticketing Phone  traveler ID to PRT gate (context!) Gate displays likely destination Traveler boards (or “pick a station” UI) Automatic account debit Example: Jim uses 5 of 17 stations: Caltrain {5AM-11AM}  Intel (job) Intel {10AM-2PM}  [4 luncheon stations] [lunch station] {10AM-3PM}  Intel Intel {3PM-7PM}  Caltrain.

A pick up B C 7:20AM: on time A pick up B C 7:29AM: 2 min late A pick up B C 7:25AM: 2 min late A pick up B C 7:32AM: arrival TrakRide AM pickup A: 10 min B: 7 min C: 3 min SMS nudge to A at 7:10, 7:15 A departs OK B is 2 min late C delays 2 min Encourages punctuality, courtesy. Eliminates uncertainty.

NextTrain TR 6:35 6:30 6:25 LV TM RC MPUNIV CA When to leave desk Race to train station –Worker must “win” PRT wait = fcn(demand) Slack TR: 6:35PM train is on time Every 30 sec, recalculate –TTAT: time to access train = 1 min walk + 1 min wait + 4 min PRT + 1 min walk + 2 min slack –LV = TR - TTAT –TM: current time Small 5, 2 min to LV NextTrain orders PRT vehicle 2 min before LV Time: 6:24PM 2 nd train arrives 6:50PM TR 6:35 6:30 6:25 TM UNIV CA Time: 6:31PM, 2:00 minutes slack 2 nd train arrives 6:51PM PRT

3 Stage Path to Sustainability Can’t go straight there 1) Populist: (convenient) Consciousness raising, light bulbs, Prius, green building 2) Fundamental: (inconvenient) Efficient cities. Sustainable-savvy voters, government restructuring. –Less human land expansion 3) Profound: % reduction, less people, accurate pricing, renewable NRG, vegetarian, local food, anti-materialism, lower GNP, social cooperation/enlightenment, etc.

Pool gaps

Smart mobility papers Cities21 web, “library” tab Suburban Silver Bullet: PRT Shuttle and Wireless Commute Assistant with Cellular Location Tracking, TRR #1872 Application of New Technology Product Research to New Suburban Commute System Design and Validation, TRR #1927 Major Activity Center PRT Circulator Design: Hacienda Business Park. TRR #2006 US EPA Transforming Office Parks into Transit Villages Study, Final Report.

SRP PRT 5 mile system –17 stations $75M –Capital cost –Vs. $3B R.E. value. Vehicle Storage