Launching the Nation (1789-1800) Chapter 10

I. Laying the Foundations of Government

Washington’s Inauguration

Good character & leadership Lacked political experience A. The First President 1. George Washington Good character & leadership Lacked political experience

Method of electing Pres. & VP 2. Electoral College- Method of electing Pres. & VP Unanimous decision for George Washington!

3. 1st capital city- New York City

4. Martha Washington- 1st lady entertainment

4 cont. Republican Motherhood- Women are important Teach children to be good citizens Abigail Adams

B. Life in the New Republic Population 1790- 4 million in U.S. Economy agriculture trade

3. New York & Philadelphia- Largest cities Over 25,000!! *Most Americans were farmers, therefore very people lived in large cities.**

C. Setting Precedents precedent- traditions

2. The Cabinet (______ departments of the Executive Branch) Major 2. The Cabinet (______ departments of the Executive Branch)

Washington and his Cabinet

State Department Thomas Jefferson Foreign relations

Treasury Alexander Hamilton Finances Economy

War Department Henry Knox Defense military

Justice Edmund Randolph Attorney General Enforcing laws

Created 3 level federal court system 3. Judiciary Act of 1789 Created 3 level federal court system John Jay-1st Supreme Court Justice Who is the Supreme Court Justice today?

II. Hamilton and National Finances A. Settling the Debt 1. Alexander Hamilton- born in W. Indies aide to GW in war

U.S. owed over $50 million to foreign countries and bonds to citizens 2. National Debt- U.S. owed over $50 million to foreign countries and bonds to citizens 3. Bonds- $ borrowed from citizens 4. Speculators- bought bonds & hoped to collect $$

Pay France immediately Pay full value for bonds 5. Hamilton’s Plan- Pay France immediately Pay full value for bonds

6. Jefferson’s Objections- Not fair to those who sold “junk” bonds Congress sided with Hamilton

Federal govt. pay states’ debts. B. States Debts 1. Hamilton’s plan- Federal govt. pay states’ debts.

2. Virginia & North Carolina Objections- Did not have debts Did not want to help the federal government pay the debts of other states. Madison Jefferson

TJ & Madison would support Hamilton’s plan 3. Compromise- TJ & Madison would support Hamilton’s plan Hamilton would support U.S. capital South!!

4. The New Capital: Washington D.C.

C. Hamilton vs. Jefferson

1. Belief in common people Had little faith in common people Hamilton

1. Belief in Common People Trusted common people “Will of majority” Jefferson

2. Power of federal government Strong central (national) govt. Hamilton

2. Power of the Federal Government Weak national State power Jefferson

*Business, trade & manufacturing ** protective tariff 3. Economy *Business, trade & manufacturing ** protective tariff Hamilton

3. Economy Agriculture Low tariffs Jefferson

4. National Bank Wanted national bank national mint Hamilton

4. National Bank Opposed- Not a federal power! Jefferson

5. Constitution (Elastic Clause) Loose construction- Gave govt. lots of power Hamilton

5. Constitution (elastic clause) Strict construction Limit power of govt. Jefferson

Results: Bank Federalists Party Hamilton

Results Republican Party Became 3rd president Jefferson

Hamilton vs Jefferson Who said what? “If our country does not have a strong, central government it cannot stay united and prosperous.” Hamilton

Hamilton vs Jefferson Who said what? “Common Americans fought for our freedom from Britian and thus common Americans have the right to rule our country.” Jefferson

Hamilton vs Jefferson Who said what? “I do not believe that our Constitution gives Congress the power to create a national bank.” Jefferson

Hamilton vs Jefferson Who said what? “Human beings cannot be trusted as they are generally selfish and untrustworthy.” Hamilton

Hamilton vs Jefferson Who said what? “A national bank will provide a safe place to deposit government funds and will serve as a reliable source of loans for US businesses..” Hamilton

Hamilton vs Jefferson Who said what? “States rights must be protected in our new government to protect against power becoming concentrated in a small group of people who will debate it.” Jefferson

Hamilton vs Jefferson Who said what? “For the nation to prosper has a whole, it must be made up of independent farmers who have a good work ethic and won’t need help from the government.” Jefferson

A. The French Revolution III. Troubles Ahead A. The French Revolution

Results Overthrew king Established republic

2. American reaction- a. Jefferson supported France b. Others concerned about violence

B. War Between Britain & France 1. Neutrality Proclamation- Washington- U.S. would not take sides 2. Response- Jefferson angry

C. Citizen Genet 1. Edmond Genet- France’s rep. to U.S. Recruited privateers Ignored G.W. request to stop

2. Thomas Jefferson- Upset with Hamilton (influence on GW) Resigned as Sec. Of State

D. Jay’s Treaty British Navy- Attacked U.S. ships trading w/Fr.

2. British in the West- Still had not left frontier forts Allied with American Indians against American settlers.

3. John Jay- 1St Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Sent to G.B. to negotiate

4. Jay’s Treaty a. Br would pay for damage to American ships and leave forts in the NW. b. U.S. pay war debts to British merchants. c. Did not stop trading problems or slave problems.

E. Pinckney’s Treaty 1. Conflicts with Spain Florida New Orleans

2. Pinckney’s Treaty a. Changed Florida’s border and reopened the port of New Orleans. b. Helped expansion of the frontier grow.

IV. Challenges at Home A. Conflict in the Northwest Territory

1. Little Turtle- Miami Indian Attacked US forces in Ohio in 1790 and 1791

2. Gen. Anthony Wayne- “Mad Anthony” Sent to Ohio to defeat Little Turtle Little Turtle did not fight Wayne

3. Battle of Fallen Timbers- Wayne defeated Indians ended frontier war

Indians gave up land north of OHIO R. 4. Treaty of Greenville-

Treaty of Greenville Linie

B. Whiskey Rebellion 1. Cause- Tax on whiskey Farmers could not afford tax 2. Results- Farmers threatened rebellion in PA Washington led army- -Farmers fled -Ended without a battle Proved govt. could enforce laws!!

C. Washington’s Farewell Address 1. Main Ideas a. foreign alliances & wars b. political divisions in U.S. c. avoid public debt

2. Importance- Precedents 2 terms Foreign wars

V. John Adams

A. Election of 1796 (1st election with political parties)

Federalists Popularity: New England Founder: Hamilton Hamilton

Federalists Beliefs: business & trade Strong federal govt. Candidates: Adams & Pinckney Hamilton

Republicans Popularity: South & west Founders: Jefferson & Madison Jefferson

Republican Jefferson Beliefs: Agriculture Weak fed.- strong state govt. Candidates: Jefferson & Burr Jefferson

Results Adams Pres. Jefferson V.P.

B. President Adams & the XYZ Affair 1. France Attacking U.S. ships 2. Sent diplomats to visit Charles de Talleyrand-Perigord who refused to meet them.

3. French sent 3 agents and asked Americans for a …… Bribe 4. This became known as XYZ Affair Adams

a. Asked Congress to build navy and army. 5. Results a. Asked Congress to build navy and army. b. Many Federalists wanted war c. US signed a peace treaty with France-1800

C. Criticism of President Adams by the _____________ Republicans Alien 1. Led to the _____ & ________ Sedition Acts a. Purpose-14 year naturalization process. b. Made it illegal to “write, print, utter or publish” false words against govt.

2. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (Madison & Jefferson) a. Stated Alien & Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. b. Federal govt could not pass laws that interfered with the state government.

Importance: c. Congress refused to repeal the Alien and Sedition Acts. Later they were not renewed. Set precedent for politicians: state governments could challenge the federal government.

D. Election of 1800 Federalists- Adams & Pinckney Dem-Rep- Jefferson & Burr

3. Issues- Alien & Sedition Acts TJ-pro France JA- “monarchist”

2. Election decided in House of Rep. E. Results 1. Jefferson & Burr tied. 2. Election decided in House of Rep.

1. Jefferson and Burr tied Election was decided in the House E. Results 1. Jefferson and Burr tied Election was decided in the House 3. After many ties, Jefferson was elected with the help of Hamilton.

F. 12th Amendment separate ballot for Pres & V.P.

Peaceful transfer of Power (Federalist to Republican)- Weakened the Federalists Showed the strengths of the US system of government.

Election of 1800

Election of 1800                                                                      

Election of 1800

Journal Ch. 10 Entry #1 What should the new country put as its’ first priority….. Alliances with other countries? or Paying off the state debts?