FRICTION BY GP CAPT NC CHATTOPADHYAY

Friction Friction results from relative motion between objects. Frictional forces are forces that resist or oppose motion.

Types of Friction Static friction Sliding friction Rolling friction

Types of Friction Air friction Viscous friction

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Friction F f = μ. R N Normal force (N) Coefficient of friction Friction force (N)

Calculate force of friction A 10 N force pushes down on a box that weighs 100 N. As the box is pushed horizontally, the coefficient of sliding friction is Determine the force of friction resisting the motion. Also find F at the point of sliding ?

Sliding Friction F s =  s F n Normal force (N) Coefficient of sliding friction Friction force (N)

COMPARISON STATIC F f OPPOSITE TO F F f = F F f < F l F f / R n = CONSTANT = μ = tanφ  F f ≠ f ( AREA) SLIDING Fs OPPOSITE TO MOTION F > F l Fs < F l Fs / R n = CONSTANT = μ = tanφ F f ≠ f ( VELOCITY)

Table of friction coefficients

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Calculate using friction A steel pot with a weight of 50 N sits on a steel countertop. How much force does it take to start the pot sliding?

Calculate using friction The engine applies a forward force of 1,000 Newton to a 500-kg car. Find the acceleration of the car if the coefficient of rolling friction is 0.07.

LAWS OF FRICTION Basic properties of friction have been described as laws: Amontons' 1st Law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load. Amontons' 2nd Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact. Coulomb's Law of Friction: Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity. Amontons' 2nd Law is an idealization assuming perfectly rigid and inelastic materials. For example, wider tires on cars provide more traction than narrow tires for a given vehicle mass because of surface deformation of the tyre.

ENERGY IN FRICTION According to the law of conservation of energy, no energy is destroyed due to friction, though it may be lost to the system of concern. Energy is transformed from other forms into heatconservation of energy When an object is pushed along a surface, the energy converted to heat is given by: E = μ ∫ R N. x dx

WORK IN FRICTION In the reference frame of the interface between two surfaces, static friction does no work, because there is never displacement between the surfaces. In the same reference frame, kinetic friction is always in the direction opposite the motion, and does negative work.work The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces). This can be beneficial as in polishing. The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of friction welding.wearpolishingfriction welding

FRICTION AN ENGINEERING PROBLEM Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction. As surfaces are worn by work due to friction, and surface finish of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly. surface finish

APPLICATION SCREW JACK / LIFTING MACHINE INCLINED PLANE WEDGE

FRICTION ANGLE The angle of repose or, more precisely, the critical angle of repose is the steepest angle of descent or dip of the slope relative to the horizontal plane when material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding. This angle is given by the number (0°-90°) If the coefficient of static friction is known of a material, then a good approximation of the angle of repose can be made with the following function.dip μ = tan φ, Where: μ is the coefficient of static friction φ is the angle of repose

SIMPLE MACHINE A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. [ A simple machine uses a single applied force to do work against a single load force. Ignoring friction losses, the work done on the load is equal to the work done by the applied force. They can be used to increase the amount of the output force, at the cost of a proportional decrease in the distance moved by the load. The ratio of the output to the input force is called the mechanical advantage.forcemechanical advantage leverage [workfriction

BASIC TYPES Lever Wheel and axle Pulley Inclined plane Wedge Screw

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE Simple machines do not contain a source of energy, so they cannot do more work than they receive from the input force.energywork When friction and elasticity are ignored, the work output (that is done on the load) is equal to the work input (from the applied force). The work is defined as the force multiplied by the distance it moves. So the applied force, times the distance the input point moves,, must be equal to the load force, times the distance the load moves,frictionelasticity F IN. D IN = F OUT.D OUT D IN / D OUT = F OUT. / F IN = (Mechanical Advantage COMMONY DEFINED AS (W/P ) So the ratio of output to input force, the mechanical advantage, is the inverse ratio of distances moved:mechanical advantage

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TYPICAL PROBLEMS…. WITH INCLINED PLANE W F W COS θ W SIN θ θ RNRN

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TYPICAL SITUATIONS NUMERICALS…….. On to the white board………