ANIMAL FARM

CZAR NICHOLAS A poor leader, at best, when compared to western leaders Cruel – sometimes brutal with opponents Kind – sometimes hired poor students as spies to help them make money Passionate love affair with wife, Alexandra

CZAR Aristocracy Military AgricultureIndustry – Proletariat – Workers from Privatized Farms and Industry (owned by aristocracy) Czar Nicholas Chart

RUSSIA UNDER NICHOLAS Czar = Power from God Majority of population faced hunger, poverty, and unemployment WWI Lost territory from the war Food and resources went to troops Revolts led by hungry workers erupted across Russia Russia lagged behind other modernized countries in: Industrialization Government Education 1917: Czar was overthrown

KARL MARX Father of Communism 1848 published an influential pamphlet called the Communist Manifesto His vision: Everyone would have what they need No one citizen would possess more than another No private ownership of land Communal way of life Everyone shares in prosperity All people are seen as equal Government owns everything – people own government Hoped that after updating industry, agriculture, and military, the educated people could govern themselves and collectively own the wealth of their nation

Self- governance Collectively Owned Agriculture Collectively Owned Industry Mandatory Military Service For All Citizens Karl Marx Chart

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1918 Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin proceeded to structure a Communist country as envisioned by Karl Marx

LENIN Changes name from Russia to USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Understands emotional impact of simple, powerful slogans: “Workers of the world unite!” “Land, bread, and peace for everyone!”

TROTSKY Pure Communist Followed Marx Favored world revolution Brilliant public speaker

STALIN Not a skilled speaker Not educated Does not follow Marx’s idea Cares for power Kills all who oppose him Uses KGB and propaganda Controls education Continually opposes Trotsky

RULE UNDER LENIN Main goals: Modernize industry and agriculture Get rid of the aristocracy Provide adequate food, shelter, and medical services Educate the population in Communism Strengthen military Gain popular support by promising: Land Bread Peace

RULE UNDER LENIN Civil War between Communists and their opposition 1922 Lenin dies -- power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin Trotsky is run out of the country by Stalin (whose power is in his secret police: KGB) Became dictator by late 1920s 1940: ice pick

LIFE UNDER STALIN Not the country Lenin had hoped for Used political and social terror to maintain power 1928 – Five Year Plans Designed to bring Russia into the industrial age The Purges High ranking officials arrested (false charges) and executed Controlled all media

Stalin Communist Party Military Modernization Agriculture Modernization Industry Modernization Workers are quickly absorbed Into Agriculture, Industry, and Military Stalin Chart

Stalin’s Relationship with Hitler Initial cooperation Nazi expansion – Stalin sought alliance w/France & England Secret negotiations w/Germany Continued anti-German talks w/Allies Signed non-aggression pact w/Hitler (possible expansionist thoughts for himself), shocking Allies

Stalin enters the war on the side of the Allies January, 1943 – Germans DEFEATED in Battle of Stalingrad (turning point in war) Soviets continue pushing Germans back toward Germany U.S. troops move toward Germany from the west

STALIN’S LEGACY Estimated million people died during his reign (an average of 12,810 – 40,000 people each week) “Death is the solution to all problems. No man – no problem.” “One death is a tragedy; one million is a statistic.” Stalin’s terror ended on March 5, 1953

“-isms” Socialism: you have two cows. Give one to your neighbor. Communism: you have two cows. Give both cows to the government, and they may give you some of the milk. Fascism: you have two cows. You give all the milk to the government, and they sell it. Nazism: you have two cows. The government shoots you and takes both of the cows. Anarchism: you have two cows. Keep both of the cows, shoot the government agent, and steal another cow. Capitalism: You have two cows. Sell one cow and buy a bull.