Nationalistic Movements Italy and Germany The Unification of Italy and Germany Key: Growing Nationalism

Italy/Germany Nationalism: remember this is loyalty to and love of one’s country. Napoleon spread this idea to all of Europe. –So, people in places like Italy and Germany began to want to unify their lands into nations. Fact: Italy and Germany were not united countries until the latter part of the 1800’s!! –Nationalism fever spread to other countries as well.

Congress of Vienna: The Congress of Vienna was an international conference that was called in order to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I. The main goal of the conference was to create a balance of power that would preserve the peace by putting down nationalist movements and keeping monarchs in power. France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII.

Italy/Germany Unification of Italy: –Italy was a collection of city-states until Papal states in the center, states controlled by Austria in the north and other smaller independent states. –1800’s: 4 men worked hard to create an independent Italian State:

Italy/Germany 1.Giuseppe Mazzini: spearheaded a national revolutionary movement. He is considered the founder of Italian nationalism. Young men felt need to get rid of foreign rule.

Italy/Germany 2. Camillo di Cavour: -He persuaded Napoleon III to fight against Austria in order to free Lombardy from them. France won. By 1859, Napoleon III transferred Lombardy to Victor Emanuel II, king.

Italy/Germany 3. Giuseppe Garibaldi: -Italian nationalist and leader in struggle for Italian unification. With an army, he captured Naples, Sicily and Umbria, At this point, most of the peninsula was united except for the area of Rome.

Italy/Germany 4. Victor Emmanuel II: First King of a united Italy. Helped in fight against Austria. Gained Venice from them. -A united Italy was formed in 1861, with Victor Emmanuel as its king -Only Rome was missing.

Italy/Germany The Rome situation: –Rome was under Pope’s rule and protected by France. –In 1870, French troops were withdrawn and Italian troops moved in and took city. –Rome voted for union with Italy in October 1870 and, in July 1871, Rome became the capital of a united Italy.

Italy before unification

Italy after unification

Italy/Germany Unification of Germany –At the beginning of the 1800’s Germany was a collection of 100’s of independent states. Each with its own government, etc. This formed a part of the Holy Roman Empire. –Napoleon I prepared the way for unification of Germany: Reduced number of German states by combining smaller ones with larger ones: –Rhine Confederation

Italy/Germany Two largest German states: Prussia and Austria German empire is a result of three wars carried out by Prussia over a six year period: –Prussia was in favor of German unification and against Austria.

Italy/Germany Otto Von Bismarck: –Chancellor of Germany –He approved unification of Germany under leadership of Prussia. –He crowned Prussian king as emperor of a united Germany. –Between 1864 and 1870, Bismarck had the German states fight three short, victorious wars. i.Austria and Prussia took land from Denmark. ii.In 1866, Bismarck defeated an Austrian army in the Seven Weeks' War. iii.Bismarck then dissolved the German Confederation, and created the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership

Italy/Germany Otto Von Bismarck

Italy/Germany Problem: France, under Napoleon III was opposed to German unification because he did not like Prussia’s growing influence over German affairs. –Solution: Bismarck got a war started between France and Prussia: Franco-Prussian War. By 1870 France had lost Under peace treaty France had to give up some land: Alsace and Lorraine.

Italy/Germany Jan. 18, 1871, Wilhelm I was crowned first Kaiser (emperor) of new German Empire. –Bismarck appointed Chancellor. Cabinet of ministers and a bicameral legislature was est.

Germany during Unification Process