IB Grade 12 optional theme Urban Environments IB Grade 12 optional theme

Main case-studies Shanghai London Beijing Nairobi

Define Urbanisation Urbanisation or urbanization is the growth of urban areas population as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very largest ones. HOW DOES THIS DIFFER FROM URBAN GROWTH? WHY DOES IT TAKE PLACE?

Growth in the percentage of the population living in urban areas Urbanisation Growth in the percentage of the population living in urban areas Urban Growth Growth in the size of cities

7 billion people in the world How many people live in cities? Only 28.8% of the world's population lived in urban areas in 1950. Today, just over 50% do, and the United Nations projects that almost 69% will by 2050, when the population is expected to reach 9.3 billion. The number of people who live in cities by then will almost equal today's world population.

Cities became centres of production, as manufacturing increased rapidly and employment in agriculture decreased. Manchester “Cottonopolis” – The first industrial city

Urbanisation and the Population Explosion Now we can see global levels of urbanisation. NICs and LEDCs are urbanising at a very fast rate. Combination of Natural increase and Rural to Urban migration. Dhaka Bangladesh 1950 – 417,000 1975 – 2.1 million 2000 – 12.5 million 2015 - 22.7 million

Other key terms Counter-urbanisation Re-urbanisation Suburb Suburbanisation Urban Sprawl Megacity 462

Different forces Urbanisation rates are therefore much higher in LEDCs (and NICs) than MEDCs, for many reasons MEDCs main urbanisation was during the period of the industrial revolution There are different forces – centripetal and centrifugal

Mumbai - India

TASK Discuss – in what ways may urbanisation differ in ELDCs and EMDCs? Questions page 470

Rural to urban migration

Urban Processes can be seen as inward and outward movements Inward Movement (Centripetal) Rural to urban migration, gentrification, re-urbanisation, urban renewal Outward Movement (Centrifugal) Suburbanisation, urban sprawl, counter-urbanisation Pages 469-470

Consequences There are differing growth rates in ELDCs and EMDCs Both suffer from different problems because of this Discuss what they may be

ELDCs – Centripetal movements Huge growth Shanty towns Population structures Employment ‘Primate cities’ ‘Megacities’ - intro Read pages 470-472; q’s page 472 ‘Slumming It’

Implications of urbanisation in LEDC’s and NICs Urbanisation is most rapid in LEDC’s and NIC’s because of high natural increase and rural to urban migration. Don’t forget there are many large cities in the world of over 2 or 3 million inhabitants. These cities face the same problems that cities in MEDCs faced in the nineteenth century. BUT they are not in the same position that the UK was to face the challenge.

What is it like in the squatter settlements? Describe one of these houses. Include what it is made from and what it is like inside.

Display the information on the next slide as a star diagram Characteristics Of shanty towns

Characteristics of Shanty Towns They often grow very quickly because of the demand for cheap housing The develop on unoccupied land - the residents become squatters They are found on the edges of cities in LEDC’s Housing is made from ANY available cheap materials (eg packing cases, cardboard, corrugated iron, wood, plastic sheeting etc) Sanitation and supplies of gas, electricity and running water often do not exist. Diseases spread easily Overcrowding is common Roads are generally unmade Sometimes the authorities move in and attempt to bulldoze them without warning

Self Help Scheme Although shanty towns are illegal the government struggle to deal with them as there are so many. One solution is to get the inhabitants to build new houses themselves. The government supply all the materials and put in basic services.

Squatter Settlements Residential areas which have developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the concerned authorities to build; as a result of their illegal or semi-legal status, infrastructure and services are usually inadequate. 30% of the urban population of the world live in squatter settlements. 1 billion people! http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities.html This animation shows how squatter settlements are upgraded over time. http://www.sln.org.uk/geography/geoweb/blowmedown/shanty05.swf

Slums of hope or slums of despair? Slum Cities – Dharavi in India Is it possible that squatter settlements, shanty towns, bustees, favelas, slums are part of the solution? Or perhaps is it true that they are a potent symbol of the failure of society to address the basic needs of the majority and it must be the responsibility of the public sector to provide housing for its citizens? Slums of hope or slums of despair? Slum Cities – Dharavi in India

Problems of the informal economy No money Low profit No investment Low output

Case- Study - Shanghai http://shanghai17.jimdo.com/slums/ http://streetsofshanghai.pbworks.com/w/page/18638706/The%20Chinese http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy_M70KJwV0

Case study – Shanghai

MEDCs Main terms: Urban Decay Urban renewal Gentrification Counter urbanisation Suburbanisation, urban sprawl, re-urbanisation Decentralisation Exurbanisation Urban blight Conurbation Urban village 473 - 481

MEDCs – Centifugal Movements Slower growth rates Urban decay Inward (centripetal) movement Urban renewal/ gentrification Outward (centrifugal) movement Suburb/ counterurbanisation Urban Sprawl

Reasons for counter-urbanisation Increased car ownership Increased wealth De-industrialisation Relocation of industry/employment to rural urban fringe Desire for safe, pleasant environment, the rural ideal/utopia Perception of urban areas as dangerous, high levels of crime, racial/ethnic problems Change in tenure from public/renting to private ownership. Sell property and move out.

Counter-urbanisation People move to satellite settlements within the city’s sphere of influence Increased numbers of people commuting to work in the city Increased car use Transport triangle becomes bigger Rural areas become suburbanised Rural areas can become commuter /dormitory settlements Rural areas within a city’s sphere of influence can develop

Reason for re-urbanisation Parts of urban areas which have declined but still have an intrinsic value because of centrality or quality of housing stock attract people Government sees urban decline as a problem and invests money to regenerate an area Prestige project – Olympics Tertiary sector increases, restaurants, nightclubs and retailing attracting people

Re-urbanisation Cities become “centres of consumption” Gentrification – Richer people moving into poorer areas Run-down derelict parts of cities can be redeveloped Increased economic activity within cities Cities reinvent themselves as exciting vibrant places to live

Reasons for suburbanisation Rapid urban growth leads to new residential areas being built in suburbs Social problems and overcrowding in inner city areas cause richer people to move to suburbs Improving public transport Linked to de-industrialisation such as shipbuilding, warehouses or factories closing Definition – Suburbanisation is the increase in the numbers of people living in the residential areas near the edge of the city (suburbs) leading to the outward growth of urban areas.

Suburbanisation Urban sprawl Separate smaller settlements merge into larger multi-centric conurbations Pressure on rural/urban fringe Increased segregation A vicious circle of decline in inner city areas. “Donut cities”

MEDCs Main problems/ issues resulting from these? Questions 1,2,3,5,11,16 page 482