Exploring a Faceted World Discovering music resources using medium of performance and genre terms Music Library Association annual meeting Denver, Colorado Saturday, February 28, 2015

Presenters: Beth Iseminger, Harvard University Casey Mullin, Stanford University Hermine Vermeij, UCLA Kevin Kishimoto, University of Chicago

Introduction : Catalog Searching Browse Keyword search (single-box) Advanced keyword search Facets

Browse Alphabetical lists of headings Author Title Subject Call number Efficient if user knows exact phrase Not common in newer catalogs

Browse University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf2-03129, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

Keyword Search Single-box Retrieves records that include all (or most) of the terms entered in the text box Simple for users to understand Preferred for exploratory searching Also allows command line searches using boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT

Advanced Keyword Search Multiple simultaneous keyword searches Each search box can perform a different search type Build boolean searches Can also assign pre-search limits Intimidating for some users

Facets Post-search Narrow search results Easily employ multiple limits Each facet describes a distinct aspect Format, Author, Subject, Language, etc. Common on commercial websites Common in newer library discovery tools

Introduction to Music Genre and Medium Vocabularies Beth Iseminger Harvard University

Definitions Genre A class, type, or category, sanctioned by convention Form The constructive or organizing element in music Medium of performance The voices, instruments, and other entities necessary to perform a piece Includes instruments, instrumental ensembles, vocal types and ranges, vocal ensembles, mixed ensembles, and objects used as instruments

Background LCSH has always included genres, forms, and mediums of performance often in the form of pre-coordinated strings Sonatas (Bassoon and guitar) Musique concrète Songs (High voice) with instrumental ensemble Some strings also contain other facets Popular instrumental music – Brazil – 2001-2010 Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices) with orchestra – Vocal scores with piano

Separating Facets Move from pre-coordinated strings to post-coordinated facets Can be indexed separately which offers granularity Necessary in linked data environment Medium as a unique facet allows more precise indexing than combined medium/genre strings violin / piano versus Sonatas (Violin and piano) ALA Subcommittee on Genre Form Implementation working on vocabs for facets, and on MARC, systems issues

New Vocabularies Developed by LC in collaboration with various communities Each vocabulary describes a distinct aspect of a resource LCGFT = genre/form Includes music, moving images, law, cartography, literature, religion LCMPT = medium of performance LCDGT = demographic groups Includes age, ethnicity, gender, nationality, occupation

Music Vocabularies LCMPT Library of Congress Medium of Performance Thesaurus for Music LCGFT (music portion) Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials

Many Facets Used With Music Genre Aleatory music / Bluegrass music Form Dastgāhs / Motets / Symphonies Medium of performance Soprano voice / Viola / Zither Format Vocal scores Associated place/Geography Kenya / Florence, Italy Date of work/Time period 1824 Numeric designation op. 125 Key D minor Language French Audience Children’s songs

Additional Facets for Creators Class of persons Music by gay composers Ethnicity of the creator Music by African American composers Gender of the creator Music by women composers Nationality of the creator Music by French composers

Music Projects Partners Process Library of Congress MLA-BCC Genre/Form Task Force MLA-BCC Subject Access Subcommittee Process Review existing LCSH terms and add any missing terms Add new terms from reference sources New Grove 2nd edition Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Began working with Gerry Ostrove from PSD Genre TF 2009, membership Subjects 2011, Hermine chair

Examples of Terms Found Outside of LCSH from the task force wiki red are terms not in LCSH

Lots of Terms! Using these sources resulted in huge lists of terms, especially for world music genres and instruments The project scope was therefore narrowed to include only LCSH terms, with a few exceptions The project would not have been completed if the scope hadn’t been more narrowly defined Long lists might be useful for different project at some point

LCMPT and LCGFT Vocabularies available now at id.loc.gov New terms will be accepted via SACO Music Funnel

New Music Vocabularies: Hierarchy Hermine Vermeij UCLA

Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms (LCGFT) LCGFT has been around for a while, but the music terms were just added … last week! 567 terms in the first release, with some more in the pipeline.

LCGFT Hierarchy – Top Terms Music Accompaniments (Music) Arrangements (Music) Art music   Chants Dramatic music Folk music Functional music Glitch music Humorous music Medleys (Music) Notated music Popular music Sacred music Songs Sound art Teaching pieces (Music) World music Terms in gray have not yet been added to the vocabulary, but are either scheduled for release or still under discussion. The addition of Art music was a bit contentious, but “Music” really meant two things in LCSH; general music and art music. We wanted to make those two more explicit. We tried to work mostly within the three groups of Art, Folk, and Popular. But, for example, songs and dramatic music can be art, folk, or popular, so they become one of the broadest terms under Music. Functional music is genres and forms initially created for specific purposes—dances, rituals, etc. A few top terms ended up here because they didn’t fit in anywhere else—Glitch music, Humorous music, Sound art. We’re still trying to figure out what World music is, but it seems to be a useful descriptor for some music.

LCGFT – Art music Art music Aʼak Aleatory music Anthems Ballades (Instrumental music) Barcaroles Cadenzas Canons (Music) Cantatas Carnatic music Chamber music Chinese operas Chorale preludes Concert etudes Concertos Dastgāhs Dialogues (Music) Fanfares Finales (Music) Fugues Gagaku Hát ả đào Hát bội Heike biwa Hindustani music Honkyoku Interludes Kacapi-suling Malhūn Ma'lūf Maqāmāt (Iraqi music) Microtonal music Minimal music Monologues (Music) Musique concrète Nhạ̣c tài tứ Nō music Oratorios Organ masses Overtures Partimenti Pastoral music Phlēng thao Preludes (Music) Program music Quodlibets Ragas Rhapsodies (Music) Romances (Music) Rondos Scherzos Sicilianas (Music) Sonatas Song cycles Songs without words (Instrumental music) Soundscapes (Music) Spectral music Stochastic music Suites Symphonies Taech’wit’a Text-sound compositions Third stream (Music) Toccatas Variations (Music) Vọng cố Delving a little deeper into a few of the hierarchies. Obviously Art music has a lot of narrower terms, including some very common ones we’re all familiar with like Concertos, Sonatas, and Symphonies.

LCGFT – Dramatic music Dramatic music Ballad operas Ballets (Music) Bangsawan Barong (Music) Ch’anggŭk Chinese operas Congadas (Music) Dialogues (Music) Entremés (Music) Hát bội Hát chèo (Music) Hira gasy Incidental music Katarimono Kecak (Music) Liturgical dramas (Music) Madrigal comedies Masques (Music) Melodramas Modern dance music Monologues (Music) Motion picture music Musical theater Musicals Nāḍagam Operas Oratorios P’ansori Pantomimes (Music) Rappresentazioni sacre (Music) Revues Serenatas Wayang music Dramatic music has a lot of gray terms, mostly because many of these are performing arts that overlap with other subject areas; they will eventually be addressed.

LCGFT – Folk music Folk music Aleke Blues (Music) Cajun music Calpyso (Music) Celtic music Congadas (Music) Flamenco music Folk dance music Folk-rock music Folk songs Gaitas (Venezuelan music) Guaguancós Hát chèo Huaylas (Music) Huaynos Isicathamiya Klezmer music Kolos (Music) Kuyis Maloya (Music) Mandó Mariachi (Music) Morris dances (Music) Mouth music Música sertaneja Nāḍagam Norteño (Music) Old-time music Palos (Music) P’ansori Plenas Polkabilly music Rebetika Sanjo Schrammelmusik Soca (Music) Sones Soukous (Music) Square dance music Tejano music Vallenato (Music) You’ll notice that Folk music from all cultures and ethnicities are grouped together;

LCGFT – Notated music Notated music Musical sketches Part books Parts (Music) Scores Service books (Music) Songbooks Tune-books These are all terms you might have seen as subdivisions of LCSH terms in the catalog; using LCGFT they will be separated.

LCGFT – Popular music Popular music Agbadja modern (Music) Arabesk (Popular music) Bachata Bailā (Music) Banda (Music) Beatboxing Bhangra (Music) Bikutsi Blues (Music) Boogaloos (Music) Bossa nova (Music) Brega (Music) Cajun music Calypso (Music) Campursari Candombes (Music) Cavachas (Music) Celtic music Chaabi Champeta (Music) Chanchona (Music) Chicha Choros Chutney (Music) Country music Cover versions Cumbia (Music) Dangdut Dansi (Music) Danzones (Music) Disco (Music) Electronica (Music) Enka Forró (Music) Fuji (Music) Funana (Music) Funk (Music) Gaitas (Venezuelan music) Gospel music Gumbé (Music) Habaneras (Music) High-life (Music) Huaylas (Music) Huaynos Jazz Jingles (Advertising songs) Juju music Kanto (Popular music) Karaoke Kaskawi (Music) Keroncong Klezmer music Konkoma Kwaito Kwaya Latin pop Lounge music Lundus Makossa (Music) Maloya (Music) Mandó (Music) Mangue (Music) Mariachi (Music) Mbalax Mbaqanga Mchiriku Minstrel music Modinhas Mornas (Music) Murgas Música sertaneja Música tropical New Age music Norteño (Music) Old-time music Ragtime music Rai (Music) Rap (Music) Rapso Rebetika Reggae music Remixes (Music) Rhythm and blues music Rock music Rocksteady (Music) Rumbas (Music) Salsa (Music) Schrammelmusik Ska (Music) Skiffle Sones Soukous (Music) Soul music Steampunk music Swamp pop music Taraab (Music) Tejano music Timba (Music) Tropicália (Music) Tspapiky (Music) Turbo-folk (Music) Vallenato (Music) Waila music Worldbeat (Music) Zouk (Music) Zydeco music Lots and lots of popular music genres! The hierarchy is a bit shallow here, except for a few deeper areas like Jazz and Rock music, which have a lot of narrower terms.

LCGFT – Other hierarchies Derivative works Arrangements (Music) llustrated works Fingering charts Informational works Thematic catalogs Instructional and educational works Master classes Teaching pieces Literature Librettos Sound recordings Cover versions Human sounds Player piano accompaniments Remixes (Music) Samplers (Sound recordings) Some terms were identified that fit into already exiting hierarchies like Information works, Instructional and educational works, and Sound recordings.

Library of Congress Medium of Performance Thesaurus for Music (LCMPT) Terms first released in February 2014. Initial release: over 800 terms!

LCMPT – Top Terms ensemble performer visuals Only 3! And visuals is an outlier, having no narrower terms.

LCMPT - ensemble ensemble audience instrumental ensemble mixed media accordion band balalaika orchestra band bowed string ensemble concertina ensemble continuo dulcimer ensemble electronics gamelan gonrang keyboard ensemble harmonica ensemble jug band khrū̜ang sāi mahōrī orchestra percussion ensemble pipe band pīphāt plucked instrument ensemble plung orchestra string band toy orchestra washboard band wind ensemble zither ensemble mixed media vocal ensemble chorus solo vocal ensemble The ensembles are mainly divided into instrumental ensembles and vocal ensembles.

LCMPT - performer performer actor audience celebrant conductor dancer tap dancer instrument aerophone electronic instrument friction instrument idiophone keyboard instrument mechanical instrument membranophone percussion instrument plucked instrument string instrument toy instrument mixed media mime signer voice singer speaker The largest portion of the thesaurus is under “instrument.” You might recognize some of these terms like “aerophone” and “membranophone” from the Sachs-Hornbostel classification; we found that this was often the best way to organize the instruments.

Hierarchy example performer instrument wind instrument woodwind instrument reed instrument single reed instrument saxophone alto saxophone It is a deep hierarchy.

Where do I access the vocabularies? Classification Web Classification Web is the most user-friendly way to access both LCGFT and LCMPT. It’s easy to see the hierarchical structure, and you don’t have to understand any MARC coding.

Connexion (G/F only) Connexion currently only has LCGFT loaded.

id.loc.gov Id.loc.gov includes both vocabularies in Linked Data form. They are not always kept as up to date as the other services.

Other sources for terms Free PDFs coming soon (http://www.loc.gov/aba/) LC’s authorities website (http://authorities.loc.gov) LC’s MARC Distribution Service (LCGFT only) LC’s free downloads page (http://classificationweb.net/LCMPT/) (LCMPT only)

Proposal process Both vocabularies are new and will continue to be updated Proposals for new terms and revisions can be made through the SACO Music Funnel Terms require literary warrant A work that requires the term Research in reference sources (Grove, etc.) showing usage and definitions Terms require reference structure Variant terms, if necessary At least one broader term Scope note, if necessary

What you may be seeing for a while Both old practice and new practice together Medium of performance: flute (1) string orchestra (1) Subject: Concertos (Flute with string orchestra)—Scores. Genre/Form Concertos. Scores.

Music Vocabularies in Library Catalogs Kevin Kishimoto University of Chicago

LCGFT & LCMPT in Library Catalogs Display Indexing Facets Search

Genre/Form Display Ideally a separate category from “Subject” Located near subject headings? Display label “Genre/Form”? “Genre”?

subject headings genre/form headings

Medium of Performance Display Location? Display label “Medium of Performance”? “Instrumentation”? “Performance medium”? “Performing forces”? Display format?

Medium of Performance Display Display format Medium of performance Soloist Doubling instrument (or voice part) Alternative medium of performance Number of performers or ensembles Display punctuation or label for each type of medium and number must be set up in catalog

Indexing Index the appropriate MARC fields MARC 655 field Index subfield A Maybe also index subfields Y, Z [?] MARC 382 field Probably requires at least two indexes Index subfields A, B, D, P Index subfields A+N, B+N, D+N, P+N

Facets Ideally the catalog has separate facets for each of the new vocabularies, not just one “Subject” facet Genre/form Medium of performance Demographic groups (2) Creator Audience MARC fields and subfields must be indexed

Medium of Performance piano (5) violin (5) cello (3) viola (2) piano, 4 hands (1) more... Genre/Form Chamber music (3) Minuets (Music) (2) Sonatas (2) Concertos (1) Scherzos (1)

Current Limits x Format: Music score x Medium of Performance: violin x Medium of Performance: piano x Genre/Form: Sonatas Medium of Performance piano x violin x cello (3) viola (2) piano, 4 hands (1) more... Genre/Form Sonatas x Chamber music (3) Minuets (Music) (2) Concertos (1) Scherzos (1)

Medium of Performance cello (3) ↳ cello 1 (3) piano (5) ↳ piano 1 (3) ↳ piano 2 (2) viola (2) ↳ viola 1 (2) violin (5) ↳ violin 1 (3) ↳ violin 2 (2) piano, 4 hands (1) Genre/Form Chamber music (3) Minuets (Music) (2) Sonatas (2) Concertos (1) Scherzos (1) more...

Search Current state of LCGFT & LCMPT searches Possible to use keyword searches for both Genre/Form and Medium of Performance Some catalogs have separate Genre/Form search type A few home-grown Medium of Performance search interfaces, but built on older MARC data, not new LC thesauri

Future search interface?...

Exploring a Faceted World: Technical Issues Casey Mullin Stanford University Chair, MLA-BCC Subject Access Subcommittee I will go as light as I can on the technical jargon, but of course some is unavoidable.

Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject” Headings (LCSH) Requirements Each LCSH form/genre heading should beget, at least, one LCMPT and/or one LCGFT field Algorithm should work equally well for score and sound recording records Terms in machine-generated fields must be conformant to LCGFT and LCMPT Machine-generated fields should ideally be conformant to MLA best practices Duplicate fields should be removed LCSH headings retained for the time being “Subject” is in quotes, because these headings are not subject headings in the strict sense… Fields retained because, among other reasons, other facets (creator/contributor characteristics, audience, language, geography, time period) have to be dealt with soon. Records will be hybrid for some time!

Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject” Headings (LCSH) Challenges (to name a few) Implicit medium of performance (e.g., “Symphonies”, “Monologues with music”) Differences in vocabulary LCSH (“mixed voices”) vs. LCMPT (“mixed chorus”) LCSH (“Canons, fugues, etc.”) vs. LCGFT (“Canons” or “Fugues”) Completely new terms in LCGFT (“Art music”) Identifying solo performers True “topical” headings: how to distinguish? By presence of certain modifiers (e.g., “Songs and music”, “History and criticism”) Or don’t worry and just let them “fail” the algorithm? Videorecording records? Possible influence on best practices Completely new terms: can only be inferred at best from 650s Topical headings: the system can’t tell which 650s are actually topical headings vs. form/genre/medium constructions. Possible influence: for example, if Art music can’t be automatically assigned to appropriate works that have no specific genre/form, should we be doing so in new records?? On the other hand, should we impose such limits on ourselves going forward?

Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject” Headings (LCSH) LCSH-to-LCMPT algorithm (draft outline, version 0.1) Isolation and delimiting of raw string of terms expressing or implying medium of performance Removing non-medium content (particles, punctuation, etc.) Generating implied medium terms based on certain form/genre terms Mapping delimited MOP terms to appropriate field (382) Converting terms to singular Converting terms to authorized LCMPT form Identifying solo performers Addition of number of performers after each term Addition of total number of performers “Semantic” conversion and “Syntactic” conversion (thanks Brad Young). Working with Gary Strawn to refine this.

Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject” Headings (LCSH) LCSH-to-LCMPT algorithm (example) 650 _0 $a Sonatas (Violin and piano) Sonatas (Violin and piano) Violin and piano Violin|piano 382 _1 $2 lcmpt 382 _1 $a Violin $a piano $2 lcmpt 382 _1 $a Violin $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $2 lcmpt 382 _1 $a Violin $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s 2 $2 lcmpt And here is a proof-of-concept example. Sorry for the MARC tagging, but it’s really hard to show the full process without it. You’ll notice “Violin” is capitalized…

Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject” Headings (LCSH) Timeline (work done primarily by BCC Subject Access Subcommittee) Fall 2014 Mapping from MARC Instruments and Voices Code List to LCMPT created LC’s Subject Headings Manual studied for LCSH patterns and permutations January-February 2015: LCSH-to-LCMPT algorithm drafted Spring 2015 Refinement of LCSH-to-LCMPT algorithm Drafting and refinement of LCSH-to-LCGFT algorithm Summer-Fall 2015: testing, testing and more testing! Who? OCLC, LC, PCC, other willing institutions Following model of phased RDA conversion of LC Name Authority File 2016 (??): Agencies begin using converter in production databases

Fate of existing LCSH headings LCSH headings likely to remain in score and sound recording records for some time to come LCGFT/LCMPT algorithms may never be perfect Discovery systems need time to catch up What about works about music? Not all LCSH music headings are appropriate for topical use What’s the granularity “cutoff”? Uncontrolled pattern headings “Cutoff” – see next slide Pattern headings can’t be “cancelled”; must be identified through other means

Fate of existing LCSH headings Types of topical music headings Topical only, per scope note and SHM Opera (vs. form heading Operas) Usable as topical or form Symphonic poems (presence of $x History and criticism signals topical use) Usable as topical or medium Violin music How granular should topical music headings be? Headings qualified by language Songs, French Headings that combine form/genre and medium Concertos (Piano) (might be worth keeping) Suites (Bassoon, clarinet, trombones (2), double bass, percussion) (maybe not) Headings qualified by Sacred/Secular Cantatas, Secular (or postcoordinate with Sacred music?) Stay tuned!! Again, where’s the cutoff? Many decisions need to be made.

Conclusion New music vocabularies Genre/form Medium of performance Demographic groups (coming soon) Catalogers have begun using these vocabularies in their work, that is, “creating the data” Discovery tools lag behind in functionality Start the conversation with your ILS department, vendors, and decision makers in your library

Questions?