Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Intro to immunity Pgs

Body Fluids Slide 12.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Interstitial/intercellular/tissue fluid Lymph The Lymphatic System, Part 1 - YouTube

The Lymphatic System Slide 12.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physiology  Filters lymph  Disease resistance and body defenses  Transports filtered fluids back to the blood

The Lymphatic System Slide 12.1 Anatomy Lymph (fluid) Lymphatic vessels and capillaries Bone marrow and WBC’s Lymph nodes Other Lymphatic Organs -spleen -thymus -tonsils -Peyer’s patches

Lymphatic Structures Details: Lymph Slide 12.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Excess plasma or tissue fluid that enters lymphatic vessels  Gets filtered, then returns to blood  Water  Blood cells  Proteins

Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels Slide 12.3b Figure 12.1 One way system to transport lymph (toward heart!) No pump- so flows using same 3 mechanisms as veins- breathing, valves, & milking action of skeletal muscles *

Lymph pathway In lymphatics Lymph pathway In lymphatics Slide 12.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummigs Figure Subclavian vein SVC Lymphatic vessels RA of 13 plasmaInterstitial fluid lymph 3 1.Tissue fluid from BV 2.Lymph Capillary 3.Lymph in vessel 4. Lymphatic Collecting vessel with valve 5.Lymph Node 6.Lymphatic Vessel 7.Lymph Trunk 8.Lymph Duct 9.Subclavian Vein 10.SVC 11.Heart R.A. 12.Arterial System 13.Tissue Fluid From B.V. 1.Tissue fluid from BV 2.Lymph Capillary 3.Lymph in vessel 4. Lymphatic Collecting vessel with valve 5.Lymph Node 6.Lymphatic Vessel 7.Lymph Trunk 8.Lymph Duct 9.Subclavian Vein 10.SVC 11.Heart R.A. 12.Arterial System 13.Tissue Fluid From B.V.

Disorder of Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels Slide 12.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elephantiasis Filarial worms (parasite) Occurs in the presence of Wuchereria banchrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori microscopic, thread-like parasitic worms, all of which are transmitted by mosquitoes The parasite infects the lymph nodes and blocks the flow of lymph throughout the body; this results in chronic Edema

1. Tissue fluid from BV Lymph Trunk Heart R.A. Lymphatic Vessel Lymphatic Collecting Vessel (with valve) Lymph Node Subclavian Vein Lymph in vessel Arterial System Lymph Duct SVC Lymph Capillary 13. Tissue Fluid From B.V YAY!!!

Bone Marrow Site of hematopoiesis Initial production of WBC’s used to fight infection

Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions:  Protect body by removing (filtering) foreign substances (bacteria & cancer cells) from lymph  Use stored WBC’s to function in immunity  T and B Lymphocytes  Macrophages

Lymph Node Structure Slide 12.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.4 cortex Cortex= surface Medulla= center More afferent than efferent vessels to slow lymph flow

Lymphocytes in Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substances in medulla of lymph node  B and T Lymphocytes – provide “specific” immune response in follicles of cortex of lymph node

Disorders of lymph nodes Slide 12.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Inflammation- WBC’s release chemicals that cause redness, swelling, heat, pain due to increased permeability of capillaries Cancer- spreads through lymphatic vessels and causes tumors in lymph nodes

Lymph Nodes- located along lymphatic vessels Slide 12.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.3 vessels 3 most common collections of lymph nodes

Other Lymphoid (Lymphatic) Organs Slide 12.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Spleen  Thymus  Tonsils  Peyer’s patches Figure 12.5

Spleen Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Left side of abdomen  Filters blood Destroys worn out RBC’s  Stores platelets  Blood reservoir (released during hemorrhaging)  Maturation of B lymphocytes in adults

Thymus Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  On top of heart  Maturation of T lymphocytes prior to puberty  Also secretes hormones (hence “gland”)

Tonsils Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  In ring in throat  Modified lymph nodes  Trap and remove foreign substances  Tonsilitis is caused by tonsils being over run with bacteria causing chronic inflammation

Peyer’s Patches Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  In wall of the small intestine  Modified lymph nodes  Destroy bacteria before entering blood

Body Defenses Slide 12.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PATHOGENS= 3 hostile, foreign materials that cause disease Bacteria Viruses Fungi * lymphatic system organs and cells defend against pathogens

Body Defenses Preview Slide 12.15a Nonspecific- fight all kinds of pathogens  1st line -mechanical barriers- prevent entry of pathogens  2nd line -chemical barriers- prevent spread of pathogens (defensive cells & antimicrobial chemicals) Specific- attack SPECIFIC pathogens 3rd line - B and T lymphocytes (immune system) & their secretions, fight specific pathogens, provide memory after initial exposure (against future exposure to the same pathogen)

Nonspecific- ( 1st Line of Defense) Mechanical Barriers Slide 12.17a Inherited resistance to disease “species resistance”

Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense( Mechanical Barriers surface membranessurface membranes Slide 12.17a skin mucus membranes Prevent entry of pathogens into body

Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense) Mechanical Barriers Slide 12.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  4 Secretions from mucus membranes:  pH and oil of skin  Stomach and vaginal acids  Saliva and tears  Mucus Kills, traps, washes away pathogens

Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense) Mechanical Barriers Slide 12.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hair-like structures in membranes Nasal hairsCilia Traps pathogens

Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Defensive Cells:Defensive Cells: Slide 12.18a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. WBC’s that are phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)- perform phagocytosis Figure 12.6b Kills pathogens once they enter blood to prevent damage

Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Defensive Cells: Slide 12.18b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2. Natural killer cells  Poke “holes” in foreign cells Figure 12.6b Plays a role in host- rejection of tumors & virus infected cells

Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7 inflammation chemotaxis Inflammatory response Attract more WBC’s to kill pathogens, prevent more damage by pathogens

Slide 12.22a Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Antimicrobial chemicals Proteins (produced by virus- infected cells) that bind to healthy cell membrane receptors… “warns them”! Hinders the ability of a virus to reproduce in the “Warned” healthy cells Proteins (produced by virus- infected cells) that bind to healthy cell membrane receptors… “warns them”! Hinders the ability of a virus to reproduce in the “Warned” healthy cells 1. Interferon- made in 3rd line by T cells (but activates more nonspecific 2nd line of defense)

Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Antimicrobial chemicals 2. Complement- activated in 3rd line by antibodies but activates more nonspecific 2nd line Increase Inflammatory Response Plasma proteins Also plays a role in specific 3 rd line of defense Increase Inflammatory Response Plasma proteins Also plays a role in specific 3 rd line of defense

Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Antimicrobial chemicals Slide 12.22a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. Pyrogens and fever Increase in body temperature to kill pathogens (usually between 102   F)

Review of 1 st and 2 nd Lines of Defense ___ Where macrophages are found ___ Structures that take part in 1 st line of defense (4) ___ Defensive Cells in 2 nd line of defense (3) ___ Phagocytic Cells (2) ___ Results in a fever ___ chemical that makes porous holes in pathogens to kill them ___ stops viral reproduction ___ Cells that kill pathogens by poking holes in their membranes (with perforin) ___ Run the 3 rd line of defense A.Medulla of Lymph Node B.Stomach Acid C.Neutrophils D.Cortex of Lymph Node E.Lymphocytes (B & T) F.Macrophages G.Pyrogens H.NK Cells I.Cilia of Respiratory System & nasal hair J.Compliment K.Skin L.Interferon M.Mucous Membranes

Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes Slide 12.17a Immune response- specific response by T and B lymphocytes to pathogens Immunology- study of immunity and diseases that result

Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes Slide 12.17a 3 aspects of specific immune response: Antigen specific Systemic Memory

Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes Slide 12.17a AMI (antibody mediated or humoral)- uses B lymphocytes (B cells) and antibodies (Y) to attack extracellular (outside cell) antigens Exs bacteria, extracellular viruses CMI (cell mediated)- uses T lymphocytes (T cells) and their chemicals to attack intracellular antigens Exs cancer, viral infected cells, transplanted tissue

Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes Slide 12.17a Antigen (Ag)- any substance that causes an immune response in 3rd line of defense Ex any pathogens plus haptens Self antigens- part of our body, we don’t attack, but can be attacked if given to someone else Nonself antigens- foreign substances that our immune system attacks

Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes Slide 12.17a