Figure 24-18a The Pancreas. Common bile duct Pancreatic duct Lobules Tail of pancreas Accessory pancreatic duct Body of pancreas Head of pancreas Duodenal papilla Duodenum The gross anatomy of the pancreas. The head of the pancreas is tucked in to a C-shaped curve of the duodenum that begins at the pylorus of the stomach. a p. 908

p. 908 Diagram of the cellular organization of the pancreas. Figure 24-18b The Pancreas. Pancreatic duct Connective tissue septum Exocrine cells in pancreatic acini Endocrine cells in pancreatic islet b Diagram of the cellular organization of the pancreas. p. 908

Figure 24-19a The Anatomy of the Liver (Part 2 of 2). Falciform ligament Sternum Porta hepatis Left lobe of liver Right lobe of liver Stomach Caudate lobe of liver Lesser omentum Inferior vena cava Spleen Pleural cavity Aorta Cut edge of diaphragm a A transverse section through the superior abdomen (diagrammatic view) p. 910

Figure 24-19b The Anatomy of the Liver. Coronary ligament Right lobe Left lobe Falciform ligament Round ligament Gallbladder b The anterior surface of the liver p. 910

Figure 24-19c The Anatomy of the Liver. Coronary ligament Left hepatic vein Inferior vena cava Left lobe Caudate lobe Porta Hepatis Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery proper Right lobe Common bile duct Quadrate lobe Gallbladder c The posterior surface of the liver p. 910

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Figure 24-20a Liver Histology. 1 mm Interlobular septum Bile duct Branch of hepatic portal vein Bile ductules Portal area a A diagrammatic view of liver structure, showing relationships among lobules p. 911

Figure 24-20b Liver Histology. Sinusoid Central vein Hepatocytes Kupffer cells Bile canaliculi Portal Area Bile duct Branch of hepatic portal vein Branch of hepatic artery proper b A single liver lobule and its cellular components p. 911

Figure 24-21a The Anatomy and Physiology of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. Round ligament Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Left hepatic artery Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Fundus Cut edge of lesser omentum Body Neck Common bile duct Hepatic portal vein Common hepatic artery Liver Duodenum Right gastric artery a A view of the inferior surface of the liver, showing the position of the gallbladder and ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and duodenum. A portion of the lesser omentum has been cut away. Stomach Pancreas p. 912

Figure 24-21b The Anatomy and Physiology of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. Pancreatic duct Common bile duct Hepatopancreatic sphincter Duodenal ampulla Duodenal papilla Pancreas Intestinal lumen A sectional view through a portion of the duodenal wall, showing the duodenal ampulla and related structures. b p. 912

Figure 24-21c The Anatomy and Physiology of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Neck Body Fundus Duodenum Common bile duct c A radiograph (cholangiogram, anterior-posterior view) of the gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreatic ducts. p. 912

p. 912 Liver Duodenum CCK Lipid droplet 1 2 3 4 Figure 24-21d The Anatomy and Physiology of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. 1 The liver secretes bile continuously— about 1 liter per day. 2 Bile becomes more concentrated the longer it remains in the gallbladder. Liver Duodenum 3 CCK The release of CCK by the duodenum triggers dilation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder. This ejects bile into the duodenum through the duodenal ampulla. 4 In the lumen of the digestive tract, bile salts break the lipid droplets apart by emulsification. Lipid droplet d Physiology of the gallbladder. p. 912

Figure 24-23 The Functions of Major Digestive Tract Hormones. Ingested food Hormone Action Food in stomach Acid production by parietal cells KEY stimulates inhibits Gastrin Stimulation of gastric motility; mixing waves increase in intensity Release of insulin from pancreas GIP Release of pancreatic enzymes and buffers Chyme in duodenum Secretin and CCK Bile secretion and ejection of bile from gallbladder facilitates Dilation of intestinal capillaries VIP facilitates NUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY ALL TISSUES Material arrives in jejunum Nutrient absorption p. 916

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