Respiration

 Release of energy from food – DON’T CONFUSE IT WITH GASEOUS EXCHANGE OR BREATHING. Respiration

 Release of energy from food.  Occurs in ALL cells; in the c__________ and the m_________ Respiration

 Release of energy from food.  Occurs in ALL cells; in the c__________ and the m_________  Respiration

 ATP – adenosine triphosphate. UNIVERSAL ENERGY CARRIER. Sources of energy

 ATP – adenosine triphosphate. UNIVERSAL ENERGY CARRIER.  ATP carries the energy to power EVERY reaction and process in ALL living things. Sources of energy

 ATP – adenosine triphosphate. UNIVERSAL ENERGY CARRIER.  ATP carries the energy to power EVERY reaction and process in ALL living things.  It is then charged up by food molecules – this process is called cellular respiration. Sources of energy

 ATP – adenosine triphosphate. UNIVERSAL ENERGY CARRIER.  ATP carries the energy to power EVERY reaction and process in ALL living things.  It is then charged up by food molecules – this process is called cellular respiration.  One molecule of glucose charges up 38 molecules of ATP. Sources of energy

 ADP – adenosine diphosphate and ATP are similar. ATP

 ADP – adenosine diphosphate and ATP are similar.  ATP carries the energy whereas ADP is the empty carrier. ATP

 ADP – adenosine diphosphate and ATP are similar.  ATP carries the energy whereas ADP is the empty carrier.  The last phosphate bond is the high energy bond. ATP

 ADP – adenosine diphosphate and ATP are similar.  ATP carries the energy whereas ADP is the empty carrier.  The last phosphate bond is the high energy bond.  This bond is where energy is carried. ATP

 ADP – adenosine diphosphate and ATP are similar.  ATP carries the energy whereas ADP is the empty carrier.  The last phosphate bond is the high energy bond.  This bond is where energy is carried.  When ATP (tri) gives up its energy, it loses a phosphate and turns into ADP (di). ATP

 ADP – adenosine diphosphate and ATP are similar.  ATP carries the energy whereas ADP is the empty carrier.  The last phosphate bond is the high energy bond.  This bond is where energy is carried.  When ATP (tri) gives up its energy, it loses a phosphate and turns into ADP (di).  ADP then goes back to the cytoplasm and mitochondria to be recharged. ATP

ATP Molecule

ATP cycle

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 Most of the energy to charge up ADP to ATP comes from the hydrogen in glucose. More carriers - NAD

 Most of the energy to charge up ADP to ATP comes from the hydrogen in glucose.  CO2 formed as a waste product is breathed out. More carriers - NAD

 Most of the energy to charge up ADP to ATP comes from the hydrogen in glucose.  CO2 formed as a waste product is breathed out.  Hydrogen needs to be carried to the correct place – this is where NAD comes in! More carriers - NAD

 Most of the energy to charge up ADP to ATP comes from the hydrogen in glucose.  CO2 formed as a waste product is breathed out.  Hydrogen needs to be carried to the correct place – this is where NAD comes in!  NAD is when it is empty – and NADH2 is when there is hydrogen (see! The H gives it away…) More carriers - NAD

 At the end of glycolysis (which we will come too very soon) and acetyl group is formed. More Carriers – Co-enzyme A

 At the end of glycolysis (which we will come too very soon) and acetyl group is formed.  This can’t exist by itself – it needs a carrier to go to the next step = co-enzyme A More Carriers – Co-enzyme A

 At the end of glycolysis (which we will come too very soon) and acetyl group is formed.  This can’t exist by itself – it needs a carrier to go to the next step = co-enzyme A  Carrying acetyl groups = acetyl co-enzyme A More Carriers – Co-enzyme A

 1 st stage: Glycolysis -Takes place in cytoplasm -Glucoseformspyruvate+ATP -C6H12O6  2CH3COCOOH+2ATP Process of aerobic respiration 3 Stages

 1 st stage: Glycolysis -Takes place in cytoplasm -Needs 2 ATP’s to kickstart – and charges up 4 ATP’s (so 2 ATP’s are gained) Process of aerobic respiration 3 Stages

 1 st stage: Glycolysis -Takes place in cytoplasm -Needs 2 ATP’s to kickstart – and charges up 4 ATP’s (so 2 ATP’s are gained) -Glucose is turned into pyruvate (6 carbons to 3 carbons) Process of aerobic respiration 3 Stages

 1 st stage: Glycolysis -Takes place in cytoplasm -Needs 2 ATP’s to kickstart – and charges up 4 ATP’s (so 2 ATP’s are gained) -Glucose is turned into pyruvate (6 carbons to 3 carbons) -Two NAD’s collect hydrogen & become ________ Process of aerobic respiration 3 Stages

 1 st stage: Glycolysis -Takes place in cytoplasm -Needs 2 ATP’s to kickstart – and charges up 4 ATP’s (so 2 ATP’s are gained) -Glucose is turned into pyruvate (6 carbons to 3 carbons) -Two NAD’s collect hydrogen & become ________ -They carry this off to the mitochondrion membranes Process of aerobic respiration 3 Stages

 1 st stage: Glycolysis -Takes place in cytoplasm -Needs 2 ATP’s to kickstart – and charges up 4 ATP’s (so 2 ATP’s are gained) -Glucose is turned into pyruvate (6 carbons to 3 carbons) -Two NAD’s collect hydrogen & become ________ -They carry this off to the mitochondrion membranes -No oxygen is needed in this part of the process Process of aerobic respiration 3 Stages

Glycolysis

 Pyruvate from cytoplasm moves into mitochondria where it is changed to acetyl co-enzyme A & CO2. Process of aerobic respiration: 2 nd part – The Kreb’s cycle

 Pyruvate from cytoplasm moves into mitochondria where it is changed to acetyl co-enzyme A & CO2.  The Acetyl is broken down into CO2, H, and ATP Process of aerobic respiration: 2 nd part – The Kreb’s cycle

 Pyruvate from cytoplasm moves into mitochondria where it is changed to acetyl co-enzyme A & CO2.  The Acetyl is broken down into CO2, H, and ATP  The co-enzyme A is not broken down, and returns to the cytoplasm to pick up another acetyl. Process of aerobic respiration: 2 nd part – The Kreb’s cycle

 Pyruvate from cytoplasm moves into inner matrix of the mitochondria where it is changed to acetyl co- enzyme A & CO2 (waste)  The Acetyl is broken down into CO2, H, and ATP  The co-enzyme A is not broken down, and returns to the cytoplasm to pick up another acetyl.  Besides ATP, H produced contains a lot of energy. Process of aerobic respiration: 2 nd part – The Kreb’s cycle

 Pyruvate from cytoplasm moves into inner matrix of the mitochondria where it is changed to acetyl co- enzyme A & CO2 (waste)  The Acetyl is broken down into CO2, H, and ATP  The co-enzyme A is not broken down, and returns to the cytoplasm to pick up another acetyl.  Besides ATP, H produces contains a lot of energy.  The most important part of this cycle, is that lots of NADs get filled up forming NADH2. Process of aerobic respiration: 2 nd part – The Kreb’s cycle

 I will draw the diagram on the board. Kreb’s cycle

 Happens on the mitochondria membranes (or cristae) Process of aerobic respiration: 3 rd part – respiratory chain

 Happens on the mitochondria membranes (or cristae)  Hydrogen from Krebs cycle produce high energy electrons. Process of aerobic respiration: 3 rd part – respiratory chain

 Happens on the mitochondria membranes (or cristae)  Hydrogen from Krebs cycle produce high energy electrons.  These electrons move down a “chain” and lose their energy as they pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. Process of aerobic respiration: 3 rd part – respiratory chain

 Happens on the mitochondria membranes (or cristae)  Hydrogen from Krebs cycle produce high energy electrons.  These electrons move down a “chain” and lose their energy as they pump hydrogen ions across the membrane.  The hydrogen ions move back across the membrane and form ATP Process of aerobic respiration: 3 rd part – respiratory chain

 Happens on the mitochondria membranes (or cristae)  Hydrogen from Krebs cycle produce high energy electrons.  These electrons move down a “chain” and lose their energy as they pump hydrogen ions across the membrane.  The hydrogen ions move back across the membrane and form ATP  Most ATP is produced in this process Process of aerobic respiration: 3 rd part – respiratory chain

 Happens on the mitochondria membranes (or cristae)  Hydrogen from Krebs cycle produce high energy electrons.  These electrons move down a “chain” and lose their energy as they pump hydrogen ions across the membrane.  The hydrogen ions move back across the membrane and form ATP  Most ATP is produced in this process  The electrons that leave the chain, combine with O and H to form H2O. Process of aerobic respiration: 3 rd part – respiratory chain

 Oxygen+H ions+electronsformWater  O2+4H++4e-  H2O Respiratory chain