Adjectival/Adverbial Phrase ENGL 341

OVERVIEW OF LAST WEEK A summary of NP: A review of exercises The structure/internal components/constituents The determiner The pre/modifier The head The post-modifier A review of exercises

ADJECTIVAL PHRASE Composed potentially of 3 structural elements: The head Modifier (m) Post-head (post-modifier /complement) This gives us the ff structure: M + H + Post-mod + C Very + good + enough + at tennis (m h post-m c) Extremely fond of you (m h c) Very thoughtful of you Very glad that you came Happy indeed Honest enough The AdjP no matter how many words form its constituents, can be replaced by a single adjective (example )

Besides it can stand on its own The head of AdjP is always an adjective which is indispensible in the AdjP. Besides it can stand on its own In most cases the head functions as a modifier in an NP A very big house An interesting story Bad news The pre-modifiers in the AdjP are usually DEGREE ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc Items that can come after the head (post-head) are post-modifiers (good indeed, sorry enough) and complements The difference between a post-modifier and a complement is that the complement is controlled by the head whereas the post-modifier is not

Post-modifiers: the intensifiers - indeed/enough Interesting indeed Sorrowful indeed Large/big enough Complements: Finite clauses: We are proud that you mad it They are certain that he took it We are angry that you shouted at us He is sad that you are leaving Non-finite clauses: You are clever to have made an A He is eager to do it we are sorry to hear about the accident He is not willing to see you The water is not safe to drink Adjectives that take non-finite clauses (kind, clever, bound, likely, foolish

Complements: Degree complements: Prepositional phrase complements: Angry about the disappointment Concerned about our well-being Alarmed at the new Hurt by his remarks Full of vitality Kind of you Opposed to new things Fed up with the class Degree complements: More friendly than Kofi Easier than we thought Less endowed than Frank The smartest in the class The most famous of his peers

ADVERBIAL PHRASES Composed potentially of 3 element: A head (H) The pre-modifier The post-head: either a post-modifier or a complement The head is always realised by an ADVERB, which is the most important element in the group He arrived early We nearly forgot about you The pre-modifiers in the AdvP are usually realised by DEGREE ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc Items that can come after the head (post-head) are post-modifiers (fast indeed, spoken humbly enough) and complements AdvP modify verbs, function as adjuncts and as complements

Examples of AdvP: More gently More gently than necessary (mhc) Too quickly Extremely slowly Far away from enlightenment (mhc) There in the afternoon (hpost-m)

Post-head Post-modifiers: intensifying adverbs (enough/indeed) Fast enough Quickly indeed Greatly indeed Luckily enough Splendidly indeed Complements: unlike AdjPs which can be complemented by a number of elements, AdvPs are complemented minimally by ff: The item else Where else when else how else Why else

Complements of comparison and excess He entered more boldly than his friends He teaches less often on Sat than on Mondays He came earlier than usual Prepositional complements A few adjectives can take prepositional complements: Similarly to independently of, separately from, differently from ASSIGNMENT Determine when the items (today, tomorrow, yesterday) are nouns and when they are adverbs with examples.