Secondary Education The State of Education Series March 2013 A Global Report

Summary This presentation includes data on: n Total enrollments n Net Enrollment Rates (NER) n Pupil/Teacher Ratios n Repetition Rates n Income/Gender/Location Disparities n Lower Secondary Completion n Expenditures on Secondary Education

Acronym Guide

Secondary Enrollments

How many children are enrolled in secondary schools? n Over 543 million students are enrolled in secondary school worldwide. n This total is up from 510 million in 2005 and 451 million in n Over half of the world’s secondary school students are in either EAP or SAS. n 38 percent of total secondary enrolments are in China (18%) and India (20%) n 258 million (47.5%) are girls.

n In 2000, just over half (53%) of secondary school age children were enrolled. This figure has risen by 9.4 percentage points to 62.5% in n ECA has consistently had the highest net enrolment rates (NERs) over time at around 80%. n Unlike in primary, secondary NERs have consistently improved over time globally and in most regions. Continued… How many children are enrolled? Secondary – Net Enrollment Rates (NER) Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time.

n EAP has made the most progress between 2000 (55%) and 2010 (72%) followed by SAS, which improved by 11 percentage points between 2000 and n SSA improved by 6.7 percentage points between 2000 and 2007, but still was more than 20 percent behind other regions with NERs ranging from 20-26%. n Almost ¾ of secondary school age students are not enrolled in SSA, and almost half are not enrolled in SAS. How many children are enrolled? Secondary – NER (continued) Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time.

Which countries have the lowest secondary enrollment rates? n More than 2/3 of secondary school age students are out-of-school in these countries. Almost 90% of students are not enrolled in Niger and Angola. n 25 countries have less than half of secondary school age students enrolled. n Djibouti is the only country on the list that is not in SSA. n #10 Eritrea’s NER is almost 3 times higher than #1 Niger’s NER. n #5 Mozambique improved from 3.4% in 2001 to 17.3% in 2011.

Which countries have improved secondary enrolment rates the most? n These countries have improved their secondary net enrolment rates (NER) by 16 to 32 percentage points between and n Bhutan has more than doubled its 2001 NER, but still has around half of secondary school age students OOS in n Despite their improvement, only three of these countries have NERs higher than 75%.

Net Enrollment Rate. Secondary (%) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year ( )

Do low secondary enrollments relate to low national income per capita? n Low gross national income (GNI) per capita does not necessarily lead to low secondary NERs. Low income countries (<$1025 GNI pc) have NERs ranging from 10.2% (Niger) to 85% (Tajikistan). n All countries with a GNI pc over $10,000 have a NER over 70% except Liechtenstein and Uruguay. n Almost all countries with secondary NERs less than 50% have a GNI pc less than $3000. The exceptions are Swaziland and Angola. There is no clear association between low national income per capita and low secondary enrolment rates.

Which regions have reached gender parity in secondary enrollments? n Globally, the gender parity index (GPI) for secondary net enrollment rate (NER) has been increasing from 0.92 in 2000 to 0.96 in n ECA is the only region within +/ of gender parity (1.0). n LAC has consistently had higher female NERs. EAP has reversed from a male bias (0.96) in 2000 to a female bias (1.06) in n SAS has greatly decreased gender disparity over time. n SSA has maintained a male bias 0.80 since Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary greatly across regions. Female Bias Male Bias

Does gender parity exist in secondary enrollments in most countries? n Just over half (52%) of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity in secondary enrollments. n Unlike primary enrollments, more countries have a female bias in secondary enrolments. 85 countries have GPIs higher than 1 while 71 countries have GPIs less than 1. n 6 countries have perfect gender parity (1.0): Slovenia, Mauritius, Swaziland, Japan, Indonesia, and Cyprus. More countries have higher female secondary GERs than male secondary GERs. Female Bias Male Bias

Which countries have the largest gender disparities in secondary enrolments? n In 9 of 10 countries, the male GER is much higher than the female GER. In Lesotho – the female GER is higher than the male rate. n 8 of 10 countries are in SSA. 1 is in South Asia and 1 is in MNA. n Of the 20 countries with the greatest gender disparity, 5 have a female bias. n 14 of the top 20 are in SSA.

Which countries have decreased gender disparity in secondary the most? n These countries have moved from 0.19 to 0.34 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) over time. n Sweden and St. Lucia improved from a large female bias (1.26) toward gender parity. n The other countries have improved from a male bias (0.40 to 0.85) toward gender parity. n 3 of 10 countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in the most recent year.

Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in secondary attendance rates? n Large gender disparities in secondary attendance rates do not exist in any region except SAS. In LAC, ECA, and MNA, slightly more females attend secondary than males. n Rural/urban location disparities exist in most regions. In LAC and SSA, location disparities are 20/23 percentage points. n The largest disparities in all regions are associated with income: There is a 35+ percentage point difference between the top/bottom quintiles in LAC, SAS, and SSA. 2 The largest disparities in net secondary attendance rates are associated with income.

Do income disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in SAS and MNA? Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov South Asia (SAS) Middle East and North Africa (MNA) % of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Do rural/urban disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in LAC? Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school % of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Do regional disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in Asia? Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov % of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Pupil-Teacher Ratios

Which regions have higher secondary pupil-teacher ratios? n Globally, secondary pupil-teacher ratios (PTRs) have decreased slightly from 18 pupils per teacher in 1999 to 17 in n SAS has the highest PTR in 2011 at 26.4 pupils per teacher. This is a sharp decrease from 34 in n SSA’s PTR is also consistently higher than most regions over time. n ECA has the fewest students per teacher in 2011 (11.7) followed by EAP at 16 and LAC at 17. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the highest secondary pupil-teacher ratios.

Which countries have the highest secondary pupil-teacher ratios? These countries have between 35 and 67 secondary pupils per teacher. Eight of the 10 countries are in SSA. Despite larger class sizes, less than 15% of children are enrolled in secondary education in CAR, Angola, and Niger. n There are 34 countries with PTRs less than 10. Most are high income countries.

Which countries have decreased secondary pupil-teacher ratios the most? n These countries have decreased their secondary pupil- teacher ratios by 7 to 18 students/teacher over time. n After the large decreases, these countries have current PTRs between 14 and 25 pupils per teacher except Malawi (42) and Eritrea (40). n 5 countries increased PTRs by more than 10 pupils per teacher over time: Nepal, Tanzania, Solomon Islands, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau.

Pupil-Teacher Ratio. Secondary ( ) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

Repetition Rates

Which countries have the highest repetition rates in secondary? n 20 to 26% of all secondary students are repeaters in these countries. n 9 of 10 countries are in SSA. n Togo’s repetition rates has increased by 6 percentage points over time. Benin, Chad, and Burkina Faso also had worsening repetition rates. n Burundi improved its repetition rate by over 12 percentage points. 26

Which countries have decreased secondary repetition rates the most? n These countries have decreased their secondary repetition rates by 7 to 12 percentage points over time. n 4 countries have more than halved their repetition rates. n Despite great improvement, 6 of the 10 countries have current repetition rates higher than 10%.

Secondary Repetition Rate (%) ( ) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

Completion and Learning

Are there gender, income or location disparities in secondary completion rates? n Low income is the greatest source of disparity in secondary completion rates in all regions. The disparity is greatest in SAS (60 percentage points), LAC (44), and SSA (40). n Rural residence is a source of disparity in SAS (29 percentage point disparity), LAC (25), and SSA (22). n A slightly higher percentage of females complete secondary in ECA and LAC, but the opposite is true in other regions. 2 Income is the greatest source of disparity in secondary completion rates in all regions.

Lower Secondary Graduation Rate ( ) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

Where are the greatest income disparities in PISA math scores? Richer students have higher scores in all but 3 countries – Iceland, Norway, and Azerbaijan. The greatest income disparities are in 5 Latin American countries – Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Colombia.

Expenditures on Secondary Education

Which countries spend the least per student on secondary education? n On average, countries spend 24.4% of per capita GDP per secondary education student. These countries spend between 5.5 and 9.4%. n 5 of the 10 countries are in LAC and 3 are in EAP. n Brunei Darussalam is the only country on the list with a net enrollment rate in the top half of countries. n More than half of secondary enrollments are in private schools in Guatemala and more than ¼ are in private schools in Venezuela and Peru.

Which countries spend the most per student on secondary education? n 5 of the 10 countries are in SSA. n Niger, Angola, and Mozambique have high per student sending and three of the lowest secondary net enrolment rates of all countries. n Honduras spends the most as a share of pc GDP by far, but also has the highest share of students enrolled in private schools (27%).

Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Secondary ( ) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

This presentation utilizes the following data sources: 1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query u The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2010 data for most indicators/countries. u Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the EdStats Query. EdStats Query 2) Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for ; Reports were generated through ADePT Edu (2011) 3) Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in the World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE)World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE) 4) Learning Outcome Data from the EdStats Query: u Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Data Sources

The State of Education Series The following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website:EdStats website Educational Levels: n Pre-Primary Education Pre-Primary Education n Primary Education Primary Education n Secondary Education Secondary Education n Tertiary Education Tertiary Education Topics: n Access Access n Quality Quality n Expenditures Expenditures n Literacy Literacy n Equity Equity n Gender Gender