This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Building Design and Engineering Approaches to Airborne Infection Control 1 AEROSOL FILTRATION Presented by: Tobias van Reenen CSIR

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Overview BackgroundBackground StandardsStandards Filter Selection Testing and Maintenance =25 Slides

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS HEPA Filters in History

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Types of Filters (Dust) Course Filters Medium Filters Aerosol Filters G1-G4 M5-M6 E10- E12 Fine Filters F7-F9 EN 779:2012 EN 1822:2009 H13- H14 U15- U17 Average arrestance (Am) of synthetic dust % Average efficiency (Em) for 0.4 μm particles % Integral efficiency MPPS Integral efficiency MPPS Minimum efficiency (ME) for 0.4 μm particles % Integral and Local efficiency MPPS Integral and Local efficiency MPPS

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Application of Filters (Dust) Course Filters Medium Filters Aerosol Filters Fine Filters Used to protect building services from Atmospheric dust Used to keep interior spaces free of bio- aerosols and microscopic dust Used to keep interior spaces visibly clean

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Principles of Filtration A HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter with an H13 Classification has an overall filter efficiency of 99,95 % according to EN1822. The filter penetration should therefore not exceed 0,05% 99,95% + 0,05% = 100% Efficiency / Arrestance = 99,95% Penetration = 0,05%

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Principles of Filtration Camfil Farr

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Principles of Filtration Images: Trox Filtration and Camfil Farr

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Principles of Filtration

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Principles of Filtration Images: Trox Filtration and Camfil Farr MPPS = Most Penetrating Particle Size MPPS ≠ 0.3µm MPPS efficiency ≠ 0.3µm efficiency

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Aerosol Filtration Standards MIL-STD-282:1995. ANSI/UL 586:2004 ANSI N45.8 ASME N509 ASME/ANSI N510 ASME AG MIL-STD-282 IEST-RP-CC007.1:1992 IEST-RP-CC001.3:1993 IEST-RP-CC-006.2:1993. IEST-RP-CC001.4 IEST-RP-CC021 IEST-RPCC034.2 USAEurope EUROVENT 4/4: 1984 EUROVENT 4/8:1985 EN1822: 2009 ISO :2011 ISO ISO StandardsStandards

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS The EN779 EN779:2012 Classification of air filters 1) GroupClass Final pressure drop (test) Pa Average arrestance ( Am ) of synthetic dust % Average efficiency ( Em ) for 0.4 μm particles % Minimum efficiency ME for 0.4 μm particles % Coarse G ≤Am< G ≤Am< G ≤Am< G ≤Am - - Medium M ≤Em<60 - M ≤Em<80 - Fine F ≤Em<9035 F ≤Em<9555 F ≤Em70 NOTE The characteristics of atmospheric dust vary widely in comparison with those of the synthetic loading dust used in the tests. Because of this, the test results do not provide a basis for predicting either operational performance or service life. Loss of media charge or shedding of particles or fibres can also adversely affect efficiency.

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS The EN Integral ValueLocal Value Filter Class Collection Efficiency % Penetration % Collection Efficiency % Penetration % E E E1299,50,5-- H1399,950,0599,750,25 H1499,9950,00599,9750,025 U1599,99950,000599,99750,0025 U1699,999950, ,999750,00025 U1799, , ,99990,0001 StandardsStandards

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Aerosol Filtration Standards Proceedings of Clima 2007: Bin Zhou, Jinming Shen StandardsStandards

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filtration Standards - SA Course Filters Medium Filters Aerosol Filters Fine Filters EN 779:2012 EN 1822:2009 SANS 1424: Filters for use in air-conditioning and general ventilation StandardsStandards

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Selection Image: Filtration Handbook, Ken Sutherland Considerations Levels of Filtration Filter Classification Stability of efficiency Dust holding capacity Resistance (Pa) Cost of ownership… G4 F9 H13 Filter Selection

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Selection Image: Filtration Handbook, Ken Sutherland Cost of Ownership Cheap to buy ≠ Cheap to own Running costs (kWh) Initial resistance Final resistance Expected life Replacement costs G4 F9 H13 Filter Selection

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Selection Filter Gaskets TypeAdvantagesDisadvantages Gel and Knife-EdgeExcellent seal Reusable Difficult installation Degradation of fluids = low service life One-Piece Moulded Polyurethane Gasket. Reliable and durable seal Seals can perish and harden. Correct clamping force critical Adhesive Neoprene Strips CheapPoor seal, Low service life, Unreliable, Often relies on MS4 Compound (lubricant) for seal Filter Selection

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Testing & Maintenance Installed filter leak test: The installed filter challenge tests (ISO :B6) should not be confused with the manufacturer’s efficiency classification tests (EN1822-4) EN 1822:2009 ISO Filter manufacturer’s QC test Installed filter in-situ testing, proving absence of leaks Testing and Maintenance

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Testing & Maintenance Installed filter leak test: ISO , B6: is based on the IEST-RP-CC034.2 B6.2: Aerosol Photometer Test (DOP) For filters with integral efficiency ≤ % (E10-H14) B6.3: Discrete Particle Counter Test (DPC) For filters with integral efficiency ≤ % Testing and Maintenance

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Testing & Maintenance Aerosol Photometer Procedure ISO B6.2 Acceptance criteria: Penetration >0.01% constitutes a local failure “Different penetrations of filters and/or response times of photometers may require consideration of different designated leak criteria, refer to IEST-RP-CC034.2” Testing and Maintenance

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Testing & Maintenance Aerosol Photometer Procedure Agree filter test criteria according to installed filter’s unique arrestance of 0.3µm particles or ISO D6.2.3 Aerosol photometer tests must be in accordance with manufacturers recommendations Ensure tests are performed by suitably qualified person Testing and Maintenance

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Testing & Maintenance Aerosol Photometer Procedure Ensure tests are witnessed by person independent from filter installer/supplier Ensure that all test equipment is currently in calibration before starting tests Anemometer Aerosol generator Photometer Confirm upstream challenge concentration frequently during tests Confirm filter concentrations are recorded on worksheet during test Testing and Maintenance

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Filter Testing & Maintenance ISO B Installed Filter Test Procedure Discreet Particle Count Method (DPC) B6.3: Testing and Maintenance

This course has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Centers for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC) under the terms of U2G/PS Thank you 25 References: and further reading ISO (Parts 1-3) & 4 SANS 1424:2008 EN779:2012 EN1822:2009 Comparison Of HEPA-ULPA Filter Test Standards Between America and Europe: Bin Zhou, Jinming Shen Filters and Filtration Handbook 5 th Ed: K Sutherland, Elsevier