AP U.S 1

U.S hatred of Britain during the 19 th century came about periodically and had to be ended by a treaty or war Anti-British feelings were due to several reasons 1- Memories of two previous wars 2- pro-British federalists had died out, to those Jacksonian Democrats 3- British travelers spoke poorly of American “tobacco spitting, slave auctioneering, lynching, and other unsavory features”

America at the time was a borrowing nation, Britain a lending nation A provocative incident on the Canadian frontier brought passions to a boil in 1837 American steamer, Caroline, was attacked on the Niagara River Only 1 American was killed

In 1841 in the Bahamas, British officials offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who rebelled and captured American ship the Creole These several events and feelings combined to create a very tension filled century between these two countries

Controversy in 1840s involved Maine boundary dispute British wanted to build road from Halifax to Quebec Proposed route ran through disputed territory Tough lumberjacks from Maine and Canada entered disputed land and ugly fights occur Titled “Aroostook War” Britain sent a statesman to the U.S to negotiate and they eventually do

Basically, they split the difference so Americans retained about 7,000 square miles of the 12,000 total British got less land but won the Halifax-Quebec route Overlooked bonus in the same treaty The British in adjusting the boundary farther west, surrendered 6,500 square miles which was later found to contain priceless Mesabi iron ore of Minnesota SO HA CANADA!

So called Oregon Country was an enormous wildernes Went from west of the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean North of California to the line of the present southern tip of the Alaska panhandle All of parts of the area were at one time claimed by four nations: Spain, Russia, Britain and the U.S Two eventually drop out: Spain got rid of its share in the Florida Treaty of 1819 Russia retreated to by treaties of 1824 and 25 with U.S and Britain

Best colonizing effect of Britain was the Hudson’s Bay Company which traded with Indians of Pacific Northwest for furs U.S presence was strengthened by missionaries and other settlers These missionaries were instrumental in saving Oregon for the United States They stimulated interest in a faraway land that many Americans earlier assumed would not be settled for centuries

Scattered American and British pioneers lived peacefully side by side By 1846 about 5,000 Americans had settled south of the Columbia River Some of them “border ruffians” experts with bowie knifes and “revolving pistols” British could only muster about 700 subjects north of Columbia River

Only a relatively small segment of Oregon Country was actually controversial by 1845 Area in dispute was quad-rangle between the Columbia River on the south and east, 49 th parallel on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the west This becomes a big part of the election of 1844 along with several other issues such as Manifest Destiny, Texas, etc.

At the conclusion of the Mexican War, there were about 13,000 descendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors who had once ruled California AKA: Californios Spanish first arrived in California in 1769 They outraced Russian traders to bountiful San Franciscan Bay Father Junipero Serra established 21 missions along the coast

Indians were encouraged to adapt Christianity and sometimes were forced to become farmers and herders while suffering from disease, etc. Oftentimes these maltreated Indians were part of the lowest rung of the Spanish society Californios were high up on that “ladder”

They were pioneers from the Mexican heartland of New Spain, they traveled to California Mexico emptied its jails and sent settlers to the barely populated north and gave power from the missions over to governmental authorities This program ended the immense power of the missions During the 1830s the power of the missions weakened, and much of their land was given to Californios

Californios glory faded when Americans won the War with Mexico They were overwhelmed by a rush of white gold rushers (87,000) after Sutter’s Mill discovery in 1848 Starting in 1910 hundreds of thousands of young Mexicans would flock into California and the southwest However the land was much different than years before when the Californio ancestors settled it