What’s in an e-book: challenges and opportunities Setting the scene The viewpoint of an STM Library Formats and acquisition models Demand-driven acquisition Access models and limitations Facts and figures: results of an US survey compared with our data The e-book market Our acquisition policy for e-books Outlook Tullio Basaglia, users’ services CERN Library, Geneva 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Setting the scene; CERN 21 members countries 2,400 staff, 10,000 particle physicsts More than 100 countries represented Most physicists are not staff: nomadic community Non-intermediated usage of information “Open Access culture” Our collection of articles and journals is avaiable e-only 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

CERN Library e-books collection 60,000 e-books, on a total of 90,000 book titles (15,000 hybrid titles) 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia paper only 30k e-books only 45k 15k

E-books: the viewpoint of an STM Library CERN: a well-defined community with specific interests: physicists, computer scientists, engineers, administrative support staff Access vs purchase Just-in-time vs just-in-case A library is not a “normal” purchaser. Purchasing means licensing “Content [=quality and subject coverage] is king” when selecting a supplier 24/24 7/7 365/365 access and remote authentication are necessary (nomadic community!) but not sufficient; increasing demand for barrier-free and easily portable e-books 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Formats and acquisition models Formats: PDF Epub Mobi... Acquisition model A: Perpetual purchase o “Pick and choose” o Package: all or nothing “e-lending” o Pay-as-you-go o Subscription Acquisition model B: Demand-driven acquisition 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia Library does the selection

Demand-driven acquisition: why? 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Demand-driven acquisition Also called patron-driven acquisition A phenomenon of e-books, but this model could also be applied to print books acquisition Aims at optimizing resources and shaping collections on the base of users’ needs Spend money only on books that used How does it work? Book metadata imported and exposed user discovers the e-book s/he can read for 10’ (free browsing) user decides to do an e-lending or to trigger the purchase through the library. Requires: effective strategies to promote discoverability of e-books ; effective budget control! 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Access models and limitations E-books can be purchased perpetually (nearly exclusively) from publishers. Other access models, such as “e-lending” of individual titles, subscription to a whole collection, are generally offered by so-called aggregators, who negotiate with a plurality of publishers the right to provide access to their content. Demand-driven acquisition is offered both by publishers and aggregators. Perpetually purchased content is available either in the form of a non-protected file (access control is done at the Institution level, IP- number based) or in the form of a file protected by a so-called Digital Rights Management system (e.g. Adobe Digital Editions), which implies some limitations in the access, copying, sharing, printing etc. Subscribed content is in general DRM-protected 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Facts and figures: results of an US survey compared with our data Annual growth rate of e–book use in US academic libraries in 2013: on average, 69.38% (“Academic library use of e-books”, by Primary Res. Group, 2014). In CERN’s case, the total of virtual loans and book downloads (=full title + chapters) would need to be computed. In US academic libraries in 2013, on average, for 17.05% of the e- books in the library’s collection there is also a print copy in the physical library (“Academic library use of e-books”, by Primary Res. Group, 2014). In CERN’s case: ~15%. In 2013, 37.5 % of our whole (e-)books spending went to paper books, 62.5% for e-books (36% spent for perpetual purchases % for subscriptions or pay-as-you-go fees). In US academic libraries, 28.58% of the spending for e-books went to perpetual purchase. As a result, 67% of the e-book titles in our collection derive from subscriptions and usage fees, whereas 33% are perpetual purchases. 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Facts and figures, cont’d A survey run among CERN library users in 2013 has shown that they still use quite a lot desktop computers to access e-books: o 62% laptops o 55% desktop computers o 33% tablets (Ipad etc.) o 28% e-book readers (Kindle etc.) o 22% smartphones No one has expressed any interest in borrowing an e-book reader from the library. 22,22% of US academic libraries participating in the 2013 survey mentioned before are offering a service of e-reader lending. 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

The e-book market Few actors, worldwide publishers: some are owned by investment groups, which are heavily business-oriented. Concentration due to mergers and acquisitions – monopolistic market. Competition between publishers and suppliers who are aggregating content from multiple sources. Compatibility issues between formats and supports. Strong pressure on libraries to buy packages, instead of selecting. Need to define a clear acquisition policy and stick to it (at least, try). 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Our acquisition policy for e-books Demand-driven purchase of (e-)books Perpetual purchase of e-books from the publishers (Cambridge Univ. Press, Oxford Univ. Press, Springer, Taylor & Francis, World Scientific, Elsevier) in core subject areas, complemented by pay-as–you-go access in other subject areas (we subscribe to 2 platforms: EBL and Safari) Avoid as much as possible ‘package purchases’, pick-and-choose preferred Purchase a title on paper and e-book if it is a ‘core subject’ or CERN author(s), otherwise rely on e-book e-book is the preferred format for IT titles ‘books for consultation’ are purchased – if there is a request – e-only E-books records are imported from the providers and fully integrated in library catalogue. A single record for paper and e-book 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Outlook Today: smart devices, dumb content Future: “layered” content (multimedia integration, metadata integrated in the full text to enhance discoverability) E-lending for libraries through Amazon? For the time being, Amazon provides e-lending for libraries in the US only. The subject coverage seems not to be interesting for us The challenge consists in leveraging the huge amount of content we are now adding to our collections. In short: text-mining of well- structured e-books content 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia

Questions? 20/10/2014, AIS-Grid School - T. Basaglia