ANGELICA GOMEZ & CATHERINE GOMEZ

Is the conveying of events in words, images and sounds, often by improvisation or embellishment. Stories or narratives have been shared in every culture as a means of entertainment, education, cultural preservation and to instill moral values. Crucial elements of stories and storytelling include plot, characters and narrative point of view.

HISTORICAL  The earliest forms of storytelling were thought to have been primarily oral combined with gestures and expressions  to being part of religious ritual, rock art may have served as a form of storytelling for many ancient cultures  The Australian Aboriginal people painted symbols from stories on cave walls as a means of helping the storyteller remember the story. The story was then told using a combination of oral narrative, music, rock art and dance.Australian Aboriginal  Complex forms of tattooing may also represent stories, with information about genealogy, affiliation and social status.

CONTEMPORANEOUS * Modern storytelling has a broad purview * it has extended itself to representing history, personal narrative, political commentary, and evolving cultural norms. Contemporary storytelling is also widely used to address educational objectives.

* Albert Bates Lord examined oral narratives from field transcripts of Yugoslav oral bards collected by Milman Parry in the 1930s, and the texts of epics such as the Odyssey and Beowulf, Lord found that a large part of the stories consisted of text which was improvised during the telling process. Albert Bates LordMilman Parry OdysseyBeowulf * Lord identified two types of story vocabulary. * The first he called "FORMULAS ": Oral stories are built out of set phrases which have been stockpiled from a lifetime of hearing and telling stories.

* The other type of story vocabulary is theme, a set sequence of story actions that structure a tale. Just as the teller of tales proceeds line- by-line using formulas, so he proceeds from event-to-event using themes.. A theme can be large enough to be a plot component. Themes may be no more than handy prefabricated parts for constructing a tale, or they may represent universal truths – ritual- based, religious truths, as James Frazer saw in The Golden Bough, or archetypal, psychological truths, as Joseph Campbell describes in The Hero With a Thousand Faces.James FrazerThe Golden BoughJoseph Campbell

* PLEASE MAKE GRUOPS OF 3 PEOPLE..

* You just told to expect kids of roughly ages For many teachers, that age is about the youngest that they feel and can be effective with as a storyteller for children. * SEAN BUVALA

* Stories are very important for children in learning their mother tongue, and they are important in learning any foreign language as well. That is why it is good to start using stories in teaching English as soon as possible. Primary school “children enjoy listening to stories over and over again. This frequent repetition allows certain language items to be acquired while others are being overtly reinforced. Many stories contain natural repetition of key vocabulary and structures. This helps children to remember every detail, so they can gradually learn to anticipate what is about to happen next in the story. Repetition also encourages participation in the narrative”. (Ellis and Brewster, 2002:2)

Rules when telling a story: * Innovation – Employ a unique or creative use of language, sound, or body language. Creatively present the sequence of events. * Voice Mechanics – speak with an appropriate volume for the children to hear. Use a non-monotonous, vocal expression to clarify the meaning of the text. * Speak loudly or silently or whisper when you need to, make onomatopoeic sounds. Differentiate your natural voice from character voices.

* Body talk – Expressively use non-verbal communication to clarify the meaning of the text, make gestures, include vivid facial expressions. When you are telling a story mime and follow your words with actions (knock on the door, walk around the room, ''go to sleep'' and other actions depending on what you're saying). * Focus – Bring concentration to its highest. Eye contact with audience is engaging. Maintain a charismatic presence in space (stage presence). Use pictures to remind the audience/participants about the sequence of the plot. * Characterization – Employ dialogue for characters to make them believable to the listener.

* Children exercise their imagination through stories. They “can become personally involved in a story as they identify with the characters and try to interpret the narrative and illustrations. This imaginative experience helps” (Ellis and Brewster, 2002:1) students develop their own creative potential.

* Storytelling with children assumes the interaction between the teacher and the learner, that's why we don't say storytelling ''for'' children. It is implemented in phases or sessions through a longer period of time. * elated

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