Future Wireless Standards and the Emergence of WiMAX October 3-4, 2007 Jeff Reed reedjh@vt.edu reedjh@crtwireless.com (540) 231-2972 James Neel james.neel@crtwireless.com (540) 230-6012 www.crtwireless.com 1/82

Jeffrey H. Reed Director, Wireless @ Virginia Tech Willis G. Worcester Professor, Deputy Director, Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG) Authored book, Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering IEEE Fellow for Software Radio, Communications Signal Processing and Education Industry Achievement Award from the SDR Forum Highly published. Co-authored – 2 books, edited – 7 books. Previous and Ongoing CR projects from ETRI, ONR, ARO, Tektronix Email: reedjh@vt.edu 2/82

James Neel President, Cognitive Radio Technologies, LLC PhD, Virginia Tech 2006 Textbook chapters on: Cognitive Network Analysis in Data Converters in Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering SDR Case Studies in Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering UWB Simulation Methodologies in An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems SDR Forum Paper Awards for 2002, 2004 papers on analyzing/designing cognitive radio networks Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com 3/82

About Virginia Tech Virginia Tech has approximately 26,000 students The College of Engineering grants the 7th largest number BS degrees in the US, and is ranked 14th by US News and others The Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering is one of the nation’s largest ECE departments, with broad resources: 72 tenure-track faculty and 12 research faculty members 1,100 undergraduate and 570 graduate students Wireless Telecommunications is a principal focus area 25 ECE faculty are involved in various aspects of wireless communications research and teaching. Large number of the ECE graduate students are majoring in wireless telecommunications field. 4/82

Wireless @ Virginia Tech New Wireless Umbrella Group MPRG, CWT, VTVT, WML, Antenna Group, Time Domain Lab, DSPRL Officially rolled-out June 2006 Currently 32 tenure-track faculty and more than 111 students Backlog in research growing University providing initial financial support Cognitive Networks targeted as strategic technical growth effort 5/82

What is Wireless @ Virginia Tech? A comprehensive organization focused on wireless research to support our educational mission. 6/82

Research Areas Game Theory Analysis Algorithm Development Hybrid wireless/fiber optic/powerline systems Land Mobile Radio MIMO Interference Cancellation Channel Measurements Channel Modeling Simulation Tools VLSI Implementation Reconfigurable Computing RF material-characterization Security Networking Sensor networking Satellite Systems Wearable computing and communications Algorithm Development Antennas RF Circuit Design MEMS UWB Position Location RF Systems Cognitive Radio/Networks Collaborative Radio Software Radio Smart Antennas and Diversity Schemes Radio Resource Management Network protocol design Cross layer optimization 7/82

Current and Recent Research Sponsors Applied EM Army Research Office AeroAstro Astron Wireless Technologies Ausgar Technologies, Inc Bradley Fellowship Program Catalyst Communications Technologies Cisco Systems, Inc. Comteh DRS Technologies ETRI L-3 Laboratory for Telecommunication Science Luna Motorola Nanosonics National Institute of Justice National Polar-Orbiting Earth Sensing Satellite Program National Science Foundation RFMD M/A-COM Office of Naval Research Rosettex Technology & Ventures Group SAIC SPAWAR Systems Center Tektronix Texas Instruments U.S. Army U.S. Naval Research Laboratory 8/82

2006&2007 Classes from Our Wireless Summer School Software Design for SDR Cognitive Radio Turbo and LDPC Codes Embedded Systems and SDR High Frequency RFID UWB-based Positioning Issues and Applications of UWB Networking Technologies for SDR Issues and Applications of Wearable Computing Game Theory for Wireless Antennas for Wireless Comms RF MEMS for Wireless An Overview of 802.15.4a Interference Rejection/Mitigation Techniques Software Radio Specification Resource Management in Ad Hoc Networks Satellite Communications Active Antennas Hands-on Intro to SCA-Based SDR Oscillator Design and Noise Performance Simulation of Communication Systems Public Safety Comm Systems Requirements and Designs Networking Cognitive Radios Coupled, Co-evolving Social and Telecommunication Networks FPGA-Based Signal Processing 9/82

Cognitive Radio Technologies Small business incorporated in Feb 2007 to commercialize VT cognitive radio research Provide traditional wireless engineering services and develop critical cognitive radio technologies Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com reedjh@crtwireless.com bin.le@crtwireless.com Website: crtwireless.com Tel: 540-230-6012 Mailing Address: Cognitive Radio Technologies 147 Mill Ridge Rd, Suite 119 Lynchburg, VA 24502 10/82

Training and Tutorials CRT Engineering General Engineering Services Analysis Systems Analysis MAC/Network behavior SDR (SCA, STRS) Algorithm development Traditional waveform processing Location services Signal classification/detection Cognitive networking Coexistence techniques Prototype designs from architecture to implementation USRP/GNU, DSP, FPGA GNU Radio and USRP related design and service Training and Tutorials Cognitive Radio: Technologies, Implementations, Genetic Algorithms, case-based reasoning, regulatory issues, implementation, networking, signal detection/classification, applications Game Theory and Cognitive Radio Networks cooperative and non-cooperative games, equilibria concepts, convergence and stability of self-interested behavior, techniques to evaluate and improve performance Software Radio RF design and selection, data conversion principles, baseband processing techniques, software architectures, multi-rate techniques, signal generation and pre-distortion. Emerging Commercial Wireless Standards OFDM/MIMO, WiMAX/WiBro, 802.22, 802.11a/b/g/h/n, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, Zigbee, WiMedia, Satellite, UMB, P25, TIA series, ATSC 11/82

CRT Technologies Low complexity, “zero-overhead” algorithms for distributed radio resource management Ad-hoc, mesh star topologies PHY, MAC, NET control Processor Cycle Estimation Tool Rapid estimation of cycles, energy, and memory required to implement waveforms across variety of DSP platforms 12/82

Tutorial Objectives Understand state of the wireless world Understand how some key standards work and the tradeoffs available to implementations of those standards Understand the basic principles and deployment options of WiMAX 13/82

Day 1 Schedule 8:00-10:00 Overview of the Wireless Market 10:00-10:15 Break 10:15-11:15 TD-SCDMA 11:15-12:00 Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part I 12:00-1:00 Lunch 1:00-2:30 Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part II 2:30-2:45 Break 2:45-3:50 WLAN Part 1 (Overview, 802.11n) 3:50-4:00 Break 4:00-5:00 Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed Needs revision 14/82

Day 2 Schedule 8:00-8:15 Review of Key Material in Day 1 8:15-9:30 WLAN Part 2 (802.11p,r,s,y) 9:30-9:45 Break 9:45-12:00 WiMAX Part 1 (Overview, Mobile WiMAX) 12:00-1:00 Lunch 1:00-2:30 WiMAX Part 2 (MMR (802.16j), 802.16h) 2:30-2:45 Break 2:45-3:30 Interoperability Standards (GAN, 802.21, 802.11u, industry standards) 3:30-3:50 Review 3:50-4:00 Break 4:00-5:00 Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed Needs revision 15/82

Wireless Minutes Shamelessly modified from cover art to Michael Todd’s soundtrack to “Around the World in 80 Days”, see http://www.phys.uu.nl/~gdevries/objects/80days_todd.html for original context 16/82

Comparisons This might be controversial – Depends on extensions of these standards. 17/82

Material WGAN WRAN WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN 18/82 GlobalStar II, BGAN <40 km 802.22 WWAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB WMAN <5 km 802.16e,h,j WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 18/82

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) 802.15 Standards 802.15.1 April 2002 Bluetooth 802.15.2 Oct 2003 Coexistence 802.15.3 Jun 2003 High data rate 802.15.3a UWB (high rate) 802.15.3b Doc Maintenance 802.15.3c May 2008 mm-wave PHY 802.15.4 May 2003 zigbee 802.15.4a 2007 (ballot) UWB (low rate) 802.15.4b Sep 2006 Updates 802.15.4 document 802.15.4c No PAR (SG) Chinese WPAN 802.15.4d PAR (SG) 950 MHz in Japan 802.15.5 2008? WPAN Mesh Frequency Allocations 802.15.1,3,4 2.4-2.4835 World 2.4465-2.4835 France 802.15.4 868/915 MHz 862-868 Europe 802.15.3a 3.1-10.6 GHz 802.15.3a disbanded Jan 2006 MBOA technologies became WiMedia High speed DS-UWB basically dead after Freescale pulled out 19/82

WiMedia Industry alliance from MBOA 802.15.3a Standardized for US in Dec 2005 in ECMA-368 and 369 http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-368.htm ECMA used specifically to avoid 802 standardization problems PHY Multiband OFDM QPSK 53.3, 80, 106.7, 160, 200, 320, 400, 480 Mbps nominal data rates Range of 10 m indoor Data can be interleaved across 3 bands, 7 defined patterns (channels) Mandatory support for band group 1 MAC Peer to Peer, Ad-hoc AES 128 Support for Dynamic Channel Selection Ranging via propagation delay measurements Bluetooth-like information discovery What does ECMA stand for? From Fig 28: 20/82

WiMedia Implementations From: http://www.wimedia.org/en/events/documents/02WiMedia_Overview_CES2006.ppt Primarily marketed as cable replacement Wireless USB out in Dec 2006 Hub-spoke model Mandatory support for band group 1 Mandatory rates of 53.3, 106.7, 200 Mbps Initial Belkin device didn’t live up to the hype Data rate of 6.35 Mbits/s Reportedly not to WiMedia spec http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196602148 Bluetooth 3.0 devices in 2008 http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/wireless/nextgen-bluetooth-30-on-the-way-179684.php Wireless Firewire and IP also supported over WiMedia standard 21/82

Many reports mentioned WiBree as a competitor to Bluetooth Status Nokia sponsored initiative announced Oct 2006 Specification work is currently being evaluated, targeted for availability second quarter 2007 Trial chips probably available late 2007 Public data: (from wibree.com and http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/06/wibree_analysis/) 2.4 GHz ISM band Range 10 meters 1 Mbps data rate Likely to be integrated into Bluetooth products Targets low power/low cost market Many reports mentioned WiBree as a competitor to Bluetooth Being brought into Bluetooth fold http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3682961 More likely a competitor to Zigbee and Z-wave http://www.wibree.com 22/82

Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree zigbee Application Customer the software” Network, Security & Application layers Brand management IEEE 802.15.4 “the hardware” Physical & Media Access Control layers PHY 868MHz/915MHz, 2.4 GHz Band specific modulations 20-250 kbps MAC CSMA-CA channel access Support for ad-hoc networks API Security 32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee Alliance Network Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree MAC IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz Silicon Stack App 23/82 Source: http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/

Applications 24/82

802.15.4a,b 802.15.4b Published September 2006 as IEEE 802.15.4-2006 http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.15.4-2006.pdf Beacon to reduce CSMA collisions Improved security (likely leverage 802.11i) Support for new frequency allocations 802.15.4a Approved March 2007 Adds Impulse UWB and chirp modes to zigbee (802.15.4) for signaling and ranging Impulse UWB operates in UWB bands Chirp (range only) operates in 2.4 GHz band 25/82

802.15.5 PicoNet Mesh Networks Routing approaches MPNC can act as a topology server Location routing (using UWB ranging) Centralized routing Distributed routing (route discovery frame broadcasts) Attempts to treat network as set of connected trees Draft still being edited Defines Mesh mode (MAC) for 802.15 Mesh messages Route outside PicoNet via MPNC (Mesh Capable PicoNet Coordinator) Beaconing used to distribute information and synchronize 26/82 IEEE P802.15.5™/D0.01, July 2006

Material WGAN WRAN WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN 27/82 GlobalStar II, BGAN <40 km 802.22 WWAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB WMAN <5 km 802.16e,h,j WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 27/82

802.11 Alphabet Soup Jun 1997 802.11 2 Mbps ISM Sep 1999 802.11a 54 Mbps UNII Sep 1999 802.11b 11 Mbps ISM Oct 2001 802.11d global roaming Jun 2003 802.11f interoperability Jun 2003 802.11g 54 Mbps ISM Oct 2003 802.11h spectrum management Jun 2004 802.11i security Oct 2004 802.11j Japanese spectrum Sep 2005 802.11e real time QoS Dec 2007 802.11k RRM measurements Mar 2008 802.11r fast roaming Mar 2008 802.11y US 3.65 GHz Sep 2008 802.11n 100 Mbps Jan 2009 802.11u external networks Feb 2009 802.11w packet security Mar 2009 802.11p vehicular (5.9) Aug 2009 802.11s mesh networks Aug 2009 802.11.2 test recommendations Sep 2009 802.11v network management Past dates are standards approval dates. Future dates from 802.11 working group timelines Letters are working group (WG) designations. Letters assigned alphabetically as groups created. No WG/ WG document 802.11c MAC Bridging work incorporated into 802.1d 802.11l “typologically unsound” 802.11m doc maintenance 802.11o “typologically unsound” 802.11q too close to 802.1q 802.11x generic 802.11 standard 802.11t (test) will produce 802.11.2 28/82 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm

802.11n (more later) MIMO evolution of 802.11 OFDM PHY Status Fully interoperable with legacy 802.11a/b/g Up to 4 antennas per device Data Rates 20 and 40MHz channels 288 Mbps in 20MHz and 600 Mbps in 40MHz (64 QAM, 4 spatial streams, 1/2 guard interval) Claim of 100 Mbps in real throughput Optional enhancements Transmit beamforming with negligible overhead at the client Advanced channel coding techniques (RS) Space Time Block Coding (Alamouti and others) 1/2 guard interval (i.e., 400ns instead of 800 ns) 7/8 rate coding Applications focused on streaming data HDTV, DVD interactive gaming, enterprise Status Nov 06 – group approved draft 1.06, still 350+ comments to resolve. In Draft 2.0 Lots of pre-n devices floating around IP issues Expect ratified standard in Spring 2008 Wi-Fi Alliance Certify to Draft 2.0 started this spring Certify to Ratified Standard when done. 29/82 Image from: http://www.tgnsync.org/products

802.11y (more later) Ports 802.11a to 3.65 GHz – 3.7 GHz (US Only) FCC opened up band in July 2005 Ready 2008 Intended to provide rural broadband access Incumbents Band previously reserved for fixed satellite service (FSS) and radar installations – including offshore Must protect 3650 MHz (radar) Not permitted within 80km of inband government radar Specialized requirements near Mexico/Canada and other incumbent users Leverages other amendments Adds 5,10 MHz channelization (802.11j) DFS for signaling for radar avoidance (802.11h) Working to improve channel announcement signaling Database of existing devices Access nodes register at http://wireless.fcc.gov/uls Must check for existing devices at same site Higher power could extend range to 5km 30/82 Source: IEEE 802.11-06/0YYYr0

802.11p (more later) Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Started in IEEE 1609, spun into 802.11p AKA (WAVE) Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment Ready by 2009 5.850 to 5.925GHz band Goal Telematics (collision avoidance) Roadside-to-vehicle Vehicle-to-vehicle environments 54 Mbps, <50 ms latency Possible competitor to cellular Range up to 1 km Atheros released an early chipset for DSRC (version I, current work is on version II) Collision Avoidance Scenario From: IEEE 802.11- 04/ 0121r0 Available: http://www.npstc.org/meetings/Cash%20WAVE%20Information%20for%205.9%20GHz%20061404.pdf 31/82

802.11r (more later) Modify MAC and security protocols to support faster handoffs Important as voice over WiFi becomes more popular Status Standard out in 2008 Will be certified by WiFi Alliance Features QoS reservation Encryption key distribution 5 step handoff process to 3 steps 32/82 http://www.networkcomputing.com/gallery/2007/0416/0416ttb.jhtml;jsessionid=0CK4ZKR20HC5QQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN

802.11s (more later) IP or Ethernet Modify 802.11 MAC to create dynamic self-configuring network of access points (AP) called and Extended Service Set (ESS) Mesh Status Standard out in 2009 Numerous mesh products available now Involvement from Mitre, NRL Features Automatic topology learning, dynamic path selection Single administrator for 802.11i (authentication) Support higher layer connections Allow alternate path selection metrics Extend network merely by introducing access point and configuring SSID IP or Ethernet 33/82

Material WGAN WRAN WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN 34/82 GlobalStar II, BGAN <40 km 802.22 WWAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB WMAN <5 km 802.16e,h,j WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 34/82

802.16 Family (WiMAX) Commercialization Roadmap 802.16 Apr 2002 LOS 10-66 GHz 802.16a Apr 2003 2-11 GHz 802.16c Jan 2003 2-11 GHz 802.16d Oct 2004 Combined 802.16,a,c 802.16e Dec 2005 Mobile WiMAX 802.16f Dec 2005 Net Management Database (MIB) 802.16g Spring 2007 Network management plane 802.16h Fall 2007 License-exempt Coexistence 802.16i 2008? Mobile Management Information Base 802.16j 2008 Mobile Multihop Relay CFP Dec 2006 802.16k Fall 2007 Network Management (to WG ballot) 802.16m 2009-10 4G Commercialization Roadmap Management WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org Projections based on data at http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/milestones/dev/milestones_dev.html 35/82

802.16e (Mobile WiMAX, 802.16-2005) PHY Spec Overview Ideally, 802.16 + mobility Really intended for nomadic or low mobility Not backwards compatible with 802.16-2004 http://www.unstrung.com/document.asp?doc_id=76862 Direct competitor to 3G, 4G, 802.20 though WiMAX Forum once said otherwise Advance equipment and planned deployments, particularly for WiBro PHY Scalable OFDM + Optional MIMO Convolutional turbo codes Optional block turbo codes, LDPC WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org 36/82

Other Mobile WiMAX Features Frame-by-frame resource allocation Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) UL and DL Scheduling Variable QoS Three handoff methods A traditional Hard Handoff (HHO) Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS) A list of reachable base stations is maintained by mobile and base stations, but base stations discard packets if not the active BS Macro Diversity (MDHO) Same list is maintained, but all base stations in the list can participate in the reception and transmission of packets. Security AES for traffic and control data EAP Privacy and Key Management Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2) 3-way handshake on handoffs IP Core Network (supports Voice Over IP) Multicast Broadcast Services Like cellular multicast services WiBRO Defines a set of options for Mobile WiMAX for Korean deployment 37/82

802.16h Draft to ballot Oct 06, 67% approve, resolving comments) Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt Operation Explicitly, a cognitive radio standard Incorporates many of the hot topics in cognitive radio Token based negotiation Interference avoidance Network collaboration RRM databases Coexistence with non 802.16h systems Regular quiet times for other systems to transmit From: M. Goldhamer, “Main concepts of IEEE P802.16h / D1,” Document Number: IEEE C802.16h-06/121r1, November 13-16, 2006. 38/82

802.16j Mobile Multi-hop Relay Expand coverage, capacity by adding relay stations Intended for licensed operation Not intended as a mesh network Actually a tree Support mobile units Relays controlled from base stations Fixed Relay Permanent installation Useful for coverage holes Nomadic Relay Temporary fixed installation Extra capacity for special events (military SDR conferences) Mobile Relay Placed on mobile platform to support users on the platform Useful for public transport (buses, trains) Modified from Fig 1 in IEEE 802.16mmr-05/032 39/82

802.16m Intended to be 4G (satisfy requirements of IMT-Advanced) http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/ Requirements still being defined http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m-07_002r1.pdf Projected Improvements over 802.16e 40/82

Material WGAN WRAN WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN 41/82 GlobalStar II, BGAN <40 km 802.22 WWAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB WMAN <5 km 802.16e,h,j WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 41/82

Cellular Technologies 42/82

Cellular Overview Two primary competing approaches to 3G One vision 3GPP Family GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA (WCDMA-TDD), HSCSD, HSPDA, LTE Promotional www.gsmworld.com Standards www.3gpp.org 3GPP2 Family CDMAOne (IS-95a,b), 1xRTT, 1xEVDO, 1xEVDV, UMB Promotional http://www.cdg.org Standards www.3gpp2.org One vision Voice + high speed data + mobility One dominant IP holder (Qualcomm) 43/82

GSM Coverage WCDMA Coverage areas: Europe, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm WCDMA Coverage areas: Europe, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Israel, South Africa, Bahrain, US (Spotty) 44/82

CDMA Subscriber Stats (June 07) Better upgrade path, Lots of cannibalization of IS-95 All CDMA Just cdma2000 45/82 Stats as of June 2007 http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/report/072Q_cdma_subscriber_report.pdf

Global Cellular Market Data Currently over 2.3 billion cellular subscribers worldwide (INSTAT) By 2010 projected to be over 3.6 billion (over half the world - INSTAT) 3GPP (GSM/WCDMA) has most of the market (77% in 2005, 83% in 2006) Most of that lead is in GSM 3GPP2 (cdma2000) got a massive jump on 3GPP However, WiMAX may soon outpace… http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4 Note: cdmaOne has less subscribers now than it used to. In the 90’s it had over 100 million As of July 07 http://www.3gtoday.com/wps/portal/subscribers/ 46/82

North American Cellular Market 3G almost exclusively 3GPP2 Significant number of legacy deployments http://www.cellular-news.com/story/26145.php 47/82

Cellular Evolution Paths General trend to higher data rates via transition to OFDM, MIMO, wider bandwidths, VoIP, and greater flexibility UMB 48/82

GPRS General Packet Radio Service Packet-based protocol layered over GSM or IS-136 networks Transfer rates up to 171.2 kbps Supports X.25 and IP (Internet Protocol) Packet-switched link Makes possible data transfer without circuit connection Uses up to 8 channels simultaneously Widespread deployment 49/82

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Data rate expected up to 384 kbps Higher-order modulation over GSM provides enhanced data rates Typically  100 kbps Technology compatible with both GSM and IS-136 standards 50/82 http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4

3G Standards cdma2000 – 1.25MHz bandwidth 1x - Voice and basic data service (up to 307.2Kbps) 1xEV-DO – enhanced data service only (up to 2.5Mbps) 1xEV-DV – voice and enhanced data service (up to 5Mbps) CDMA450 3GSM (WCDMA) – 3.84MHz bandwidth WCDMA (UMTS) – Voice and basic data (up to 384 Kbps) HSDPA – Voice and enhanced data service (up to 10Mbps) TD-SCDMA – Chinese variant on WCDMA EV-DO: evolution to data only 3GSM is gsmworld’s attempt at a more successful branding of WCDMA There is also a cdma2000 3x that is not implemented that uses three carriers 51/82

General 3GPP Technologies Generic Access Network Supports handoffs between GSM networks and 802.11 or Bluetooth networks Packet Switched Handoffs Enables easier handoffs between different 3GPP networks Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services Simultaneous broadcast of data streams to multiple recipients 52/82

WCDMA Wideband CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Also known as 3GSM Different from CDMA2000 Standard controlled by 3GPP Uses new spectrum Can be complemented by EDGE in less dense areas 53/82

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access W-CDMA downlink 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), MIMO (Release 6) Hybrid ARQ All IP core network (Release 4) Originally ATM 54/82 Table from: http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/images/hsdpa.png

HSUPA (EUL) High Speed Uplink Packet Access (Enhanced UpLink) Similar technologies to HSDPA Demo by Ericsson May 2005 Handsets 2007 http://www.mobic.com/news/publisher/view.do?id=3196 T-Mobile planning deployment in Austria in 2007 http://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/projects/hsupa/ 55/82

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Targets: DL 100 Mbps in 20 MHz (5 bps/Hz) UL 50 Mbps in 20 MHZ (2.5 bps/Hz) Reduced transition time between states (such as between idle and active states) Variable bandwidth allocations: 1.25 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink At least 200 users/cell Load sharing/policy across radio access technologies Standard targeted for 2008 Products in 2009 (http://www.ericsson.com/technology/tech_articles/super_3g.shtml) Downlink: Adaptive multilink OFDM (AML-OFDM), which means different bandwidths based on demand Variable prefix size 4.7 ms to 16.7 ms Intent to support up to 120 km cells Called High Speed OFDM Packet Access or HSOPA Uplink Single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) with dynamic bandwidth allocation Unique time-frequency interval to the terminal for the transmission of user data (for orthogonality) Support for antenna arrays Beamforming, MIMO 56/82

TD-SCDMA (more later) TD-SCDMA Multiple Access Options Time Division – Synchronous CDMA Synchronized uplink channels aided by joint detection China’s 3G technology Core network is almost the same as WCDMA Requires mature 2G (GSM) network for implementation Part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Planning Partnership Project) Multiple chip rates LCR: 1.28 Mcps, 1.6 MHz BW HCR: 3.84 Mcps, 5 MHz BW TDD link Does not use paired frequency bands Optimum for symmetric and asymmetric data services 1.6 MHz bandwidth allows flexibly spectrum allocation Partially motivated by avoiding paying Qualcomm royalties Significant deployment delays TD-SCDMA Multiple Access Options B. Li, D. Xie, S.Cheng, J. Chen, P. Zhang, W.Zhu, B. Li; “Recent advances on TD-SCDMA in China,” IEEE Comm. Mag, vol 43, pp 30-37, Jan 2005 57/82

cdma2000 1xRTT 1x Radio Transmission Technology Also known as: CDMA 3G1x Packet-switched (always on) Maximum of 144kbps Typical 40-60 kbps Deployments South Korea, US, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Uganda, Ukraine, Thailand, Russia, Pakistan, Indonesia, India, China, Chile, Angola 58/82

cdma2000 1x EV-DO CDMA EVolution Data Only Designed to support only data applications VOIP Also known as: CDMA 1x EV-DO CDMA EV-DO Can offer data rates of 384kbps - 2.4Mbps Does not mix voice traffic with data traffic Deployments: South Korea: 01/25/02 (SK Telecom), 05/01/02 (KTF) United States: 10/29/02 (Monet) Australia (Hutchison) Bermuda (Bermuda Digital) Guatelmala (Movistar Guatelmala) 59/82

cdma2000 1x EV-DV CDMA2000 EVolution Data and Voice Intended to blend both voice and data traffic Can use existing EV-DO or 1x infrastructure as a starting point Data rates up to 4.8 Mbps Dead on arrival http://telephonyonline.com/mag/telecom_evdv_dead/index.html Qualcomm halted work on the standard in 2005 http://news.com.com/Cell+phone+makers+to+adopt+Internet+calling/2100-7352_3-5618191.html 60/82

EVDO Rev B Adds Multiple carriers – 2xEVDO, 3xEVDO,… Up to 15 1.25 MHz carriers within 20 MHz Adds support for 64-QAM modulation DL 73.5 Mbps UL 27 Mbps Dynamic non-contiguous carrier allocation Support for single carrier and multiple carrier subscribers Standardized 2006 Trial mid-2007 Commercial deployments mid-2008 61/82

EVDO Rev C (UMB) Spec published Sep 24, 2007 Key technologies http://www.cdg.org/news/press/2007/Sep24_07.asp 3GPP2 (UMB) beats 3GPP to market again Commercially available 1H 2009 Data rates, mobile with 20 MHz bandwidth DL: 288 Mbps UL: 75 Mbps Key technologies OFDMA, MIMO, beamforming Flexible spectrum allocation Enhanced QoS Support for multiple access technologies Reduced latency 62/82

Other Cellular Efforts iDEN CDMA 450 OFDM-FLO (Qualcomm) DVB-H (GSM/ETSI) IEEE 802.20 63/82

iDEN Motorola created Nextel popularized cellular technology TDMA 6 channels on 25 MHz PTT, voice, data May expand to 100 MHz (WiDEN) for 96 kbps Other countries implementing iDEN networks: South Korea, Japan, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Singapore 64/82

cdma450 cdma2000 in 450 MHz band Permits migration of Nordic Mobile Telephone System Deployments in Asia, Europe, South America 65/82

Media-FLO http://www.qualcomm.com/mediaflo/index.shtml Not 4G itself, but possibly indicative of Qualcomm’s direction (they also own spectrum) Mobile Video Broadcast (Digital TV, Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld) OFDM based system 11.2Mbps at 6MHz Run-time optimization of power, frequency, time Chipsets available Nov 2004 Possible use in UHF bands (high power) Standard released http://telephonyonline.com/home/news/flo_forum_multimedia_112805/ Verizon to offer service in 2006 http://telephonyonline.com/wireless/news/verizon_mediaflo_qualcomm_120105/ 66/82

Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld ETSI digital video broadcasting standard Based on DVB-T Forum http://www.dvb-h-online.org/ Backed by GSM networks Also OFDM based CrownCastle testing in Pennsylvania Numerous trials in Europe 67/82

IEEE 802.20 Fill performance gap between “high data-rate, low mobility 802 standards” and “high mobility cellular networks” 802.20 Shenanigans Allegations of process abuse brought to a screeching halt when standard suspended in September Project Launched 2004 Looked to be dead in the water Flarion leading proposal Qualcomm leading vote holder Turned around when Qualcomm bought Flarion (Aug 05) http://www.dailywireless.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4532 Went to proposal downselection process Qualcomm (Flarion) TDD, FDD ETRI BEST-WINE (Kyocera) Reapproved in Dec 06 First meeting Jan 2007 QTDD/QFDD Proposal OFDMA data channel CDMA control channel Bandwidths 5 MHz – 20 MHz MIMO Single, multiple code word Pseudo- Eigen beamforming Space Division Multiple Access Separate mode from MIMO Data Rate 260 Mbps MIMO, 20 MHz Turbo coding Time-frequency hopping Supposed to support inter Radio Access Technology handoffs 68/82

Cellular Takeaways Two major approaches to 3G >10 standards in those two families Legacies continue to be deployed Cheaper than upgrading for voice Multi User Detection (MUD) and MIMO techniques that could dramatically increase capacity GSM and TDMA systems may extend lifetime of legacy systems. http://www.iee.org/oncomms/pn/antennas/mimo/chenu_tourniery.pdf Voice remains killer ap for cellular, data likely to be supported by other networks Convergence of devices supporting cellular and WiFi 69/82

Material WGAN WRAN WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN 70/82 GlobalStar II, BGAN <40 km 802.22 WWAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB WMAN <5 km 802.16e,h,j WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 70/82

802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) First explicit cognitive radio standard Aimed at bringing broadband access in rural and remote areas Takes advantage of better propagation characteristics at VHF and low-UHF Takes advantage of unused TV channels that exist in these sparsely populated areas Status (IEEE 802.22-06/0251r0) First draft finishing First vote in Mar Published 2009? 71/82

Features of 802.22 Data Rates 5 Mbps – 70 Mbps Point-to-multipoint TDD/FDD DFS, TPC Adaptive Modulation QPSK, 16, 64-QAM, Spread QPSK OFDMA on uplink and downlink Use multiple contiguous TV channels when available Fractional channels (adapting around microphones) Space Time Block Codes Beam Forming No feedback for TDD (assumes channel reciprocity) 802.16-like ranging 802.16 MAC plus the following Multiple channel support Coexistence Incumbents BS synchronization Dynamic resource sharing Clustering support Signal detection/classification routines Security based on 802.16e security Collaborative sensing Techniques in 802.22 will be extended to other standards and to other bands around the world 72/82

Material WGAN WRAN WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN 73/82 GlobalStar II, BGAN <40 km 802.22 WWAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB WMAN <5 km 802.16e,h,j WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 73/82

Globalstar Globalstar I Based on cdmaOne Jan 2006 - FCC granted license to offer ancillary terrestrial service http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/about/newsevents/press_display.php?pressId=58 Globalstar II Moving to 48 LEOS for global coverage, unspecified improved performance http://www.globalstar.com/en/news/pressreleases/press_display.php?pressId=426 Coverage still constrained by ground stations? First launch in 2009? http://www.skyrocket.de/space/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/globalstar-2.htm Interesting note: Alcatel-Alenia is being sold to Thales http://www.spacetoday.net/Summary/3582 74/82 http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/content.php?cid=300 Green areas not available to North American subscribers

Inmarsat Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) Applications 492 kbps peak 256 kbps stream Applications Voice telephony  E-mail Internet access Access to corporate networks File transfer Video conferencing Video broadcast Video store-and-forward Yet to launch Pacific Satellite BGAN supported by I-4 Satellites Based on Astrium’s Eurostar Geostationary 19 wide beams, 200 narrow spot beams (I-3 7 wide beams) Variable QoS, can combine channels, variable QoS 16-fold increase in traffic capacity 75/82 http://www.inmarsat.com/bgan

Summary and Future Trends Relevant Data and a Discussion on 4G 76/82

Convergence of Approaches WiMAX becoming more like cellular, cellular becoming more like WiMAX Cellular like waveforms converging to mix of OFDMA + MIMO optimized for low speeds with small cell sizes Source: http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/downloads/ WiMAX_and_ IMT_2000.pdf Recognition of this convergence is leading to WiMAX being treated like a cellular technology Sprint’s XOhm network Push for WiMAX to be classified as 3G http://www.livemint.com/2007/09/06000634/India-backs-Wimax-techon-3G-n.html WiMAX cell phones coming Nokia, Motorola, Samsung http://www.reuters.com/article/technology-media-telco-SP-A/idUSSP31345620070904 Because 3G took so long to deploy, WiMAX may pass it by 77/82

Breeding Successful Technologies Mobile WiMAX will be a MIMO standard, but so will WCDMA Transition of technologies can significantly extend useful lifetime of deployments Enhanced EDGE WCDMA + MIMO may steal LTE’s market 802.11n predates mobile WiMAX 802.22 techniques opening up legacy spectrum for other standards White Space Coalition 802.16m Standards can expect to continue to evolve even post-deployment Need for SDR May make for smoother transition to 4G Erik Dahlman, Hannes Ekström, Anders Furuskär, Ylva Jading, Jonas Karlsson, Magnus Lundevall, Stefan Parkvall, “The 3G Long-Term Evolution – Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation,” VTC 06 78/82

4G Wireless community already looking towards 4G Requirements being formalized 1 Gbps fixed 100 Mbps mobile (end-to-end) Support for heterogeneous nets Global roaming Several candidates already emerging Cellular evolution 802.16m NTT DoCoMo’s 5 Gbps prototype http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/20070209_attachment02.pdf China’s home grown standard http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/09/25/afx4151478.html Common techniques OFDMA, MIMO, small cell sizes optimized for low speed, but support for high speed, IP backbone 3G Americas, “Defining 4G: Understanding the ITU Process for the Next Generation of Wireless Technology,” July 2007 Available online: http://3gamericas.com/PDFs/3G_Americas_Defining_4G_WP_July2007.pdf 79/82 http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/20070209_attachment01.pdf

Overview Take-Always 1/2 High data rate systems migrating to OFDM + MIMO PHY OFDM – WiMedia, 802.11a,g, 802.16, 802.20, 802.22, UMB, LTE OFDM + MIMO – 802.11n, 802.16e, 802.20, UMB, LTE More responsive/adaptive resource management (early cognitive radio) Multiple QoS levels – 802.11e; 802.16e; 802.20; UMB, LTE, EVDO, Dynamic channel selection – WiMedia; 802.11h,y; 802.16h; 802.22 Distributed sensing – 802.22 Coexistence given increasing interest Vertical handoffs – 802.21, 802.11u Legacy systems – 802.22, 802.11h,y, 802.16h New bands opening up for old techs 802.15.4d, 802.11j,p,y 80/82

Overview Take-Always 2/2 Some spectral harmonization 5 GHz for WiMAX China pushing own standards 802.15.4c, TD-SCDMA, TD-SOFDMA Emergence of Advanced Networking 802.11s, 802.15.5, 802.16j Increasing # of technologies Legacy systems not quickly fading and large # of new ones Convergence on AES for security 802.11i, WiMedia, Mobile WiMAX All IP Backbone Mobile WiMAX, UMB, LTE 81/82

Useful Websites (News, Promotional, Forums, Standards) WLAN www.wi-fi.org www.wi-fiplanet.com/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/ 802.15 www.bluetooth.com https://www.bluetooth.org/ www.wimedia.org http://www.zigbee.org/en/ http://www.uwbforum.org/ www.wibree.org http://www.multibandofdm.org/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/ 802.16 www.wimaxforum.org http://wimaxxed.com http://wimax.com http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/ 3GPP Family www.gsmworld.com www.umtsworld.com www.gsacom.com www.3gpp.org http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/ 3GPP2 Family www.cdg.org www.3gpp2.org 802.20 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/ 802.21 http://www.ieee802.org/21/ www.umatechnology.org 802.22 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/22/ E2R “Requirements and scenario definition,” Available online: http://e2r.motlabs.com/Deliverables/E2R_WP4_D4.1_040725.pdf 82/82