TAKS Science EXIT Review Living Systems and the Environment

Organization of Organisms Cell Tissue Organ System Organism Give examples of each type.

Systems CirculatoryRespiratoryDigestiveMuscularSkeletalNervous CirculatoryHeart Respiratory DigestiveStomach Muscular Muscles move bones Skeletal Ribs protect the lungs Nervous Spinal Cord Complete each blank with an example of how each system works with another. Diagonally, give an example of an organ of each system.

TAKS Questions

Cells A cell is the smallest part of any living thing. There are many parts of a cell. Each part of a cell completes a certain function for the cell.

Plants vs. Animals Some differences between Plant cells and Animal cells are: Plant cells have cell walls as their outermost layer Plant cells have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for pigmentation and photosynthesis Plant cells have larger vacuoles (used for storage) Some Animal cells have flagellum connected to the cell membrane which aids in movement of the cell

Parts of a Cell Cell Membrane - forms the outer boundary of the cell and allows only certain materials to move into or out of the cell Cytoplasm - a gel-like material inside the cell; it contains water and nutrients for the cell Nucleus - directs the activity of a cell; it contains chromosomes with the DNA Mitochondria - break down food and release energy to the cell Vacuoles - are storage areas for the cell

Ecosystems Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Decomposers Ecological Succession

Succession – a series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time Primary Succession – changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem previously existed Secondary Succession – changes that occur after an existing ecosystem has been disturbed

Species and Adaptations Species – a group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring Adaptations – a genetic trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce Evolution – a change in a species over time Natural Selection – a process by which individuals better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

Symbiosis Mutualism - both species benefit Commensalism - one species benefits, the other is unaffected Parasitism - one species benefits, the other is harmed Competition - neither species benefits Neutralism - both species are unaffected

Predator - Prey A predator is carnivorous. This means that it lives by eating other animals, which are known as it's prey. The term predator usually refers to animals that catch and kill. Most predators are larger that their prey; they have special adaptations to help them find and catch their food. These include good vision, a keen sense of smell, or strong legs for rapid movement. Prey also have special adaptations to help them survive the attack of their predators. Camouflage helps them blend in with their environment and hide, sharp senses warn them of attack, and speed allows them to escape.

Food Webs & Food Chains Food chains and webs show how food and energy are passed between species. Pay attention to the direction of the arrows. Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Decomposers Predator/Prey

Genetics Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics. He used pea plants to study how traits are passed from one generation to the next. Dominant Allele= A trait that prevents the showing of other traits. It is a gene that is fully expressed when two different alleles are present. Recessive Allele= A trait that is hidden by a dominant trait. It is a gene that is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele. Incomplete Dominance= Neither trait is dominant or recessive. Phenotype= How your features look. Genotype= What your chromosomes say your features are. Heterozygous= Having two different alleles for a trait. Homozygous= Having two of the same alleles for a trait.

Punnett Square Monohybrid crosses look at one set of alleles. Tt T T T T x T t Homozygous Dominant crosses with Heterozygous Homozygous Recessive crosses with Heterozygous t t x T t Tt t t

Remember Me? Photosynthesis – carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight produce food and oxygen in plants. The food is _____ by the plant and the _____ is released. Chemical reaction is:

Remember me too? Respiration – a process in organisms that uses the oxygen they breathe to release energy from glucose. and water are also produced. It mostly occurs in the mitochondria of cells.